Blood Types

A B AB O

• Four major types of blood .

• A, B, AB, and O.• Inherited from parents.• Determined by

presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

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• In 1901, Austrian immunologist: Karl Landsteiner discovered blood may be grouped into four main types.

• Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed.

• Blood protein• Located on the surface

of the red blood cell.• Either the person has it

or doesn’t have on the blood cell.

• Someone with type A blood have the A antigen, Someone with type B blood have the B antigen, type AB has both A and B antigen, and type O has neither of the antigens

AntigensUniversal Donor O

Universal Recipient AB

Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign

substance that enters the body

• Someone with type A blood has b antibodies

• Someone with type B blood has a antibodies

• Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies

• Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies.

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Rh factor• In 1940, the Rh factor was

discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys.

• When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted.

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Rh factor• Rhesus (Rh) factor is an

inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen).

• Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type.

• Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy.

Red Cells Also may Contain Rh factor

• If you have it, you’re Rh +• If you don’t, you’re Rh –• When an Rh- mother is pregnant with an

Rh+ baby, the baby’s blood (usually during delivery) can mix with the mom’s blood, causing the mom’s blood to make anti Rh antibodies.

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Rh factor• If the blood has the

protein, the patient is Rh positive.

• If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative.

• If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh+ positive baby, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing Erythroblastosis Fetalis

• RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, and her immune system won’t produce antibodies.

• Cord blood has immunity producing stem cells, is easy to transplant, and does not cause rejection That is why research is being done on umbilical cord blood.

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Disorder of the Blood…

• Anemia• Deficiency in number

or % of red blood cells

• Iron Deficiency Anemia• Usually in women,

children and adolescents• Deficiency of iron in the

diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis

• Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

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Polycythemia• too many RBC • normally caused by other

medical condition (secondary)• Primary cases are rare• S&S: bruising, HA, easy

bleeding, bone and joint pain, itching, fatigue, dizziness and stomach pain, blood clot formation

• Tx: Dependent upon cause, may be O2

Plasma

Cellular

elements

Sickle Cell AnemiaChronic blood disease

inherited from both parents

Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape

Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen

Occurs primarily in African Americans

Treatment – blood transfusion

Embolism• Air, blood clot ,

cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage

• Also known as a “moving blood clot”

Thrombosis• The formation of a

blood clot in a blood vessel

• The blood clot is a THROMBUS

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Hematoma• Localized clotted mass of blood

found in an organ tissue or space.• Caused by an injury that can cause

a blood vessel to rupture.

Contusion (bruise)• blunt force trauma or injury without skin breakage•S/S: pain, swelling and discoloration•Tx: cold applications, firm bandage, elevation, heat application and massage

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Blood disorders

Hemophilia• Hereditary• Missing clotting factor• Blood clots slow or

abnormally• Sex linked – transmitted

genetically from mothers to sons

• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma.

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Blood disorders

Leukemia• Malignant condition• Overproduction of

immature white blood cells

• Research on cord blood.

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Multiple Myeloma • Neoplastic disease which forms multiple

tumors • related to lymphoma and leukemia, because it

usually arises in the bone marrow. • There is no cure for multiple myeloma, but

treatments are available that slow its progression.

• S/S: anemia, bone pain, weight loss, confusion, excessive thirst

• Tx: Autologous stem cell transplant

Septicemia

AKA: sepsis/blood poisoningCauses: pathogen in the blood Tx: antibiotics, fluids and medicines, Oxygen, plasma or other blood products to correct any clotting problems

Test Your Gray Matter…Why is research being done on the use of newborn umbilical cord blood?

What blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?

Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of a blood protein called a/an:

What would happen if an Rh negative person were given a blood transfusion of Rh positive blood?

A pus filled cavity that forms when there is infection below the epidermis is a/an:

Mary has leukopenia as a result of her chemotherapy. Marylyn’s :

Who would be a candidate for Rho Gam?

What is the medical term for hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Cord blood has immunity producing stem cells, is easy to transplant, and does not cause rejection

ABAntigen

He/she would develop Rh antibodies

AbcessWhite blood cell count is low

An Rh negative mother Erthroblastosis

fetalis

A deficiency in the number of red blood cells is called:

Which of the following blood disorders is inherited from both parents?

What is a hereditary disease in which the blood clots slowly or abnormally?

Jake has a hematoma on his leg. What most likely caused it?

Anemia Sickle cell anemia

Hemophilia