Blood: The Body’s Internal Blood: The Body’s Internal HighwayHighway

I. Three main functions:I. Three main functions:A. TransportationA. Transportation

1. ______________________1. ______________________2. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________3. ______________________4. ______________________4. ______________________5. ______________________5. ______________________a. Carbon dioxidea. Carbon dioxideb. Nitrogenous Wastesb. Nitrogenous Wastes

B. ______________________B. ______________________1. WBC1. WBC2. Clots2. Clots

C. ______________________C. ______________________1. Temperature1. Temperature2. Blood’s pH – Buffers2. Blood’s pH – Buffers

Carbon dioxide, Lactic AcidCarbon dioxide, Lactic AcidMakes blood acidicMakes blood acidic

II. PropertiesII. PropertiesA. ColorA. Color

____________________________________________HemoglobinHemoglobin

B. VolumeB. Volume_______of total weight_______of total weightMales – ________LMales – ________LFemales – ________ LFemales – ________ L

C. Viscosity – ______________________C. Viscosity – ______________________(RBC, WBC, Platelets)(RBC, WBC, Platelets)

D. pHD. pH___________use buffers to keep within narrow ___________use buffers to keep within narrow

range.range.AcidosisAcidosisAlkalosisAlkalosis

III. Only liquid tissue in the III. Only liquid tissue in the bodybody

Specialize connective Specialize connective tissuetissueMainly composed of Mainly composed of

waterwater

A. PlasmaA. Plasma _______ _______ _______ in color_______ in color _______ water_______ water _______ dissolved _______ dissolved

substancessubstancesProteinsProteinsNutrientsNutrientsWastesWastesElectrolytesElectrolytesGasesGases

1. Plasma Proteins1. Plasma Proteins50 different types50 different types3 main classes3 main classes

a. ______________– 55% of plasma proteins.a. ______________– 55% of plasma proteins.Thickens your blood, helps Thickens your blood, helps

maintain maintain osmotic pressure.osmotic pressure.

b. ______________ – Antibodies 38%b. ______________ – Antibodies 38%c. ______________ – 7%c. ______________ – 7%

Precursor for fibrinPrecursor for fibrin – – clotting.clotting.

B. Other solutesB. Other solutes

1. ____________________________(NPN).1. ____________________________(NPN).

Amino Acids, Amino Acids, Urea, Uric AcidUrea, Uric Acid

Protein BreakdownProtein BreakdownN.A. BreakdownN.A. Breakdown

Removed by the kidneysRemoved by the kidneys

2. ______________ – Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide2. ______________ – Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

3. ______________3. ______________

4. ______________4. ______________

a. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, a. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, PhosphatePhosphate

C. Formed Elements – ______________C. Formed Elements – ______________RBC, WBC, PlateletsRBC, WBC, Platelets

1. Analyze1. Analyze

________ – spinning blood________ – spinning blood

________– microscope________– microscope

2. Hematoporesis2. Hematoporesis

Formation of formed elementsFormation of formed elements

________– yolk sac, liver, spleen________– yolk sac, liver, spleen

________– Red bone marrow, stem cells________– Red bone marrow, stem cells

________________________________

3. RBC – ________________3. RBC – _______________________of formed elements_______of formed elements_______of total blood volume_______of total blood volume

male ________ male ________ female ________female ________

Goal – ________Goal – ________ oxygen oxygen & carbon dioxide& carbon dioxide

a. Structure – ___________a. Structure – ___________1. Lacks a nuclei, 1. Lacks a nuclei,

organellesorganelles2. Live only 120 days2. Live only 120 days

b. Function – ___________b. Function – ___________Oxygen from lungs to Oxygen from lungs to

bodybodyCarbon dioxide from Carbon dioxide from

body body to lungsto lungs

c. In the Lungsc. In the LungsHemogloblin 1/3 volume of RBCHemogloblin 1/3 volume of RBC ______ ______ + + ____________ = Hold O2 (Bright = Hold O2 (Bright

red)red)

d. In the Tissuesd. In the TissuesGives up Gives up ________ ________ & binds to & binds to ________________..

e. Life cycle – e. Life cycle – ________________ ________________Unable to repair Unable to repair ________________..

f. Amount to RBC is carefully controlled by the ________ f. Amount to RBC is carefully controlled by the ________ & ________.& ________.

(Measures the amount of O2 in the blood)(Measures the amount of O2 in the blood)1. ________–> ________ -> ________.1. ________–> ________ -> ________.2. More blood cells are produced2. More blood cells are produced3. ________ die every hour.3. ________ die every hour.

g. Recycling Center g. Recycling Center 1. ________________________________ 1. ________________________________ 2. Reuse 2. Reuse

the cell parts & remove any toxic products.the cell parts & remove any toxic products.3. WBC – Macrophages – eat RBC’s & breaks 3. WBC – Macrophages – eat RBC’s & breaks

down down hemoglobin.hemoglobin.4.Liver4.Liver

* ________– greenish* ________– greenish* ________ – orangish* ________ – orangish

* breaks down RBC’s & converts to * breaks down RBC’s & converts to bile.bile.

* Iron is reused in the red bone * Iron is reused in the red bone marrow.marrow.

h. ________ h. ________

1. Reduction of RBC’s, therefore lost ability to transport 1. Reduction of RBC’s, therefore lost ability to transport gases.gases.

2. Types of anemia2. Types of anemia

________– shortage of folic acid & ________– shortage of folic acid & vitamin B.vitamin B.

________________– Loss of blood.________________– Loss of blood.

_______________– RBC’s are being destroyed _______________– RBC’s are being destroyed by your own body faster than they are by your own body faster than they are being replaced.being replaced.

CAUSESCAUSES

Viral, bacterial, genetic.Viral, bacterial, genetic.

ex- sickle cell anemiaex- sickle cell anemia

prolong drowsiness, fevers, prolong drowsiness, fevers, abdominal painabdominal pain

few live past 40 yrs.few live past 40 yrs.

ReviewReview

What is the shape of a RBC?What is the shape of a RBC? What does a RBC have instead of a What does a RBC have instead of a

nucleus?nucleus? Why are RBC red?Why are RBC red? What is anemia?What is anemia?

4. White Blood Cells – ________4. White Blood Cells – ________

a. Less than _______of total a. Less than _______of total blood volumeblood volume

b. 5,000 – 10,000 mm3b. 5,000 – 10,000 mm3

c. Two Typesc. Two Types

1. ________________ – 1. ________________ –

Have ________ Have ________

Lobed nucleusLobed nucleus

Produced within RBC centers.Produced within RBC centers.

____________ – Most abundant____________ – Most abundant

2-5 lobes2-5 lobes

60% WBC’s60% WBC’s

Stain Pink in neutral Stain Pink in neutral stain.stain.

________________ – –

1-4% of WBC’s1-4% of WBC’s

Red stain with eosinRed stain with eosin

Only 2 lobesOnly 2 lobes

________________ – –

.5% or less of WBC’s..5% or less of WBC’s.

Large granules.Large granules.

Stain blue with a basic stain.Stain blue with a basic stain.

Only 2 lobes in a “S” shape.Only 2 lobes in a “S” shape.

2. ____________ – lack of granules2. ____________ – lack of granules

a. ________ a. ________

3-8% of WBC3-8% of WBC

Very LargeVery Large

Round with oval nucleiRound with oval nucleiPhagocitize “Eat” foreign particles.Phagocitize “Eat” foreign particles.

b. ________ b. ________ 25- 33% of WBC’s25- 33% of WBC’s

Same size as RBC’sSame size as RBC’s

_______________ = ________________._______________ = ________________.

_______________ = ________________ _______________________ = ________________ ________

ReviewReview

What is the function of WBC’sWhat is the function of WBC’s

What is the difference between What is the difference between RBC’s & WBC’s?RBC’s & WBC’s?

What are the two main groups of What are the two main groups of WBC’s?WBC’s?

3. Platelets - ________________ 3. Platelets - ________________ 150,000 – 150,000 – 300,000300,000

a. Rounda. Round

b. 1/10 the size of RBC’sb. 1/10 the size of RBC’s

c. Forms platelet plugsc. Forms platelet plugs

d. ________________ – ________________d. ________________ – ________________

1. Blood Vessels break – loss of blood1. Blood Vessels break – loss of blood

a. ________________ in blood vessels ________ a. ________________ in blood vessels ________ ________ to ________ blood loss (under 30 ________ to ________ blood loss (under 30

minutes).minutes).

b. ________ is released, which prolongs smooth b. ________ is released, which prolongs smooth muscle contraction if needed.muscle contraction if needed.

2. ________________ 2. ________________

a. Platelets arrivea. Platelets arrive

1. Increase in size.1. Increase in size.

2. Irregular shape2. Irregular shape

3. Surface become sticky3. Surface become sticky

4. More platelets clump together & forms 4. More platelets clump together & forms a pluga plug

3. ________________– Most effective3. ________________– Most effective

a. Results in formation of blood clot.a. Results in formation of blood clot.

b. Fibrinogen converted into fibrinb. Fibrinogen converted into fibrin

c. Clot Formationc. Clot Formation

Platelets (releases Platelets (releases ________ + Ca) ________ + Ca) ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(Clot)________(Clot)

d. Once clot is repaired.d. Once clot is repaired.1. ________ from 1. ________ from neighboring neighboring

connective connective tissue tissue strengthens the strengthens the clot & clot & seal the tear.seal the tear.

e. ________ e. ________ blood clot dissolves & blood clot dissolves & returns fibrinogen into returns fibrinogen into plasma (Recycling)plasma (Recycling)

ReviewReview

What is the process of stopping What is the process of stopping bleeding?bleeding?

What is the first step of stopping the What is the first step of stopping the blood?blood?

Which step is the most effective Which step is the most effective method to stop bleeding?method to stop bleeding?

e. Problemse. Problems

1. Blood clots when it is not needed.1. Blood clots when it is not needed.

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

______________________ – undesirable blood clot. – undesirable blood clot.

______________________ – Free floating blood clot. – Free floating blood clot.

2. Can not form a blood clot2. Can not form a blood clot

______________________ – liver disease (Little or no – liver disease (Little or no Vitamin K).Vitamin K).

Inability to form clots due to lack of Inability to form clots due to lack of clotting clotting factors.factors.

IV. Blood GroupsIV. Blood Groups

Surface proteins (Antigens) on RBCSurface proteins (Antigens) on RBC

2 antigens in ABO system2 antigens in ABO system

1. “A”1. “A”

2. “B”2. “B”

Blood TypeBlood Type AntigenAntigen AntibodyAntibody

AA AA BB

BB BB AA

ABAB A & BA & B NoneNone

OO NoneNone A & BA & B

Who has which blood types?Who has which blood types?TYPES   DISTRIBUTION TYPES   DISTRIBUTION RATIOSRATIOS

O + O + 1 person in 3 1 person in 3 38.4%       38.4%      

O O -- 1 person in 15 1 person in 15 7.7%       7.7%      

A + A + 1 person in 3 1 person in 3 32.3%       32.3%      

A A -- 1 person in 16 1 person in 16 6.5%      6.5%      

B + B + 1 person in 12 1 person in 12 9.4%       9.4%      

B B -- 1 person in 67 1 person in 67 1.7%      1.7%     

AB + AB + 1 person in 29 1 person in 29 3.2%      3.2%     

AB AB -- 1 person in 167 1 person in 167 0.7%0.7%

ReviewReview

If you are blood type A, what If you are blood type A, what antigens do you have?antigens do you have?

If you are blood type AB, which If you are blood type AB, which antibodies do you have?antibodies do you have?

If you are blood type O, who can you If you are blood type O, who can you receive blood from safely?receive blood from safely?

V. Rh SystemV. Rh System

A. Rhesus MonkeyA. Rhesus Monkey

1. Rh Antigens 1. Rh Antigens Present +Present +

Absent –Absent –

B. InheritedB. Inherited

C. Rh sensitization with blood transfusion.C. Rh sensitization with blood transfusion.

1. Only time when it is a problem1. Only time when it is a problem

a. a. ______ ______ receives from receives from ______ ______ b. Recipient produces b. Recipient produces ______ ______ to to

protect protect against from foreign blood against from foreign blood type.type.

c. c. ______ ______ with first encounter. (never with first encounter. (never had had time to develop antibodies for time to develop antibodies for defense.defense.

d. d. ____________ ____________ , blood will , blood will __________________ (clump together) because antibodies (clump together) because antibodies

for Rh for Rh are already present from are already present from ______ ______ encounter.encounter.

2. 2. ____________ ____________ of the of the ____________ ____________ a. a. __________is is _____ _____ , , __________ is is _____ _____ b. b. __________ blood mixes with mother’s across blood mixes with mother’s across the placenta or tearing when the placenta is the placenta or tearing when the placenta is

separated from the mother.separated from the mother.c. Mother develops c. Mother develops _____ _____ due to due to

exposure to exposure to foreign foreign _____ _____ from the baby.from the baby.d. First baby is born with no problems.d. First baby is born with no problems.e. e. __________________________________________________________

1. mother’s antibodies will 1. mother’s antibodies will __________ the the ________ ________..

2. 2. __________________ with the fetus’s with the fetus’s RBC’s.RBC’s.

3. Erythroblasts or hemolytic3. Erythroblasts or hemolytic

Disease – Disease – __________Results – Results – __________Prevention – Prevention – __________ – –

makes makes mother tolerant mother tolerant to Rh+to Rh+

Hemolytic disease of the new Hemolytic disease of the new bornborn

VI. DiseasesVI. Diseases

A. __________ – Reduction of RBC’sA. __________ – Reduction of RBC’s

Sickle Cell (Inherited)Sickle Cell (Inherited)

B. __________ – Disorder of coagulationB. __________ – Disorder of coagulation

Treatment – replace missing factors.Treatment – replace missing factors.

C. __________ - Sever blood loss.C. __________ - Sever blood loss.

D. __________ – Cancer of the bloodD. __________ – Cancer of the blood

Too many WBC’s crowd out production of Too many WBC’s crowd out production of RBC’s.RBC’s.

E. __________ – Infection of blood Stream by a parasite.E. __________ – Infection of blood Stream by a parasite.

Destroys RBC’sDestroys RBC’s

F. __________ - Disturbance of blood circulationF. __________ - Disturbance of blood circulation

1. __________– Decrease blood volume1. __________– Decrease blood volume

2. __________– Failure of the heart.2. __________– Failure of the heart.

3. __________– Lower ability to transport blood.3. __________– Lower ability to transport blood.

Pop QuizPop Quiz1.1. Who can Blood Type B give blood to?Who can Blood Type B give blood to?

2.2. Why is blood type O considered the Why is blood type O considered the universal donor, but can not received universal donor, but can not received from other types?from other types?

3.3. Why can only blood type AB can Why can only blood type AB can receive from all blood types?receive from all blood types?

MatchingMatching1.Anemia 1.Anemia A. Cancer of the blood (too many A. Cancer of the blood (too many

WBC’s)WBC’s)

2. Hemophilia 2. Hemophilia B. In general a disturbance of blood B. In general a disturbance of blood circulation circulation

3. Hemorrhage 3. Hemorrhage C. Shock due a decrease blood C. Shock due a decrease blood volumevolume

4. Leukemia 4. Leukemia D. Reduction of RBC’s (Ex. Sickle D. Reduction of RBC’s (Ex. Sickle cell)cell)

5. Malaria 5. Malaria E. Shock due to lower ability to E. Shock due to lower ability to transport transport bloodblood

6. Shock6. Shock F. Disorder of coagulation (Can’t clot)F. Disorder of coagulation (Can’t clot)

7. Hypovolemic Shock 7. Hypovolemic Shock G. Shock due to failure of the heart.G. Shock due to failure of the heart.8. Cardiogenic Shock 8. Cardiogenic Shock H. Severe blood loss due to H. Severe blood loss due to

excessive excessive bleedingbleeding

9. Vascular Shock 9. Vascular Shock I. Infection of blood Stream by a I. Infection of blood Stream by a parasite.parasite.