P.B.SIDDHARTHA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BY- Y.S.L.VIJAYABHARATHI S.L.PRASANNA A.PHANI KUMARI

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This report includes about the introduction of how blood groups classified and also about different types of blood groups and how they classified and about the different antigens and role of antigens and antibodies and about procedure of the blood grouping and some of the results of the blood groups.

CONTENTS :

Introduction History Materials and Methods Blood Groups Types Antigens and Antibodies Procedure of Blood Grouping Results and conclusion

INTRODUCTION:A blood type is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one all very closely li and collectively form a blood group system.

Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 33 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood

Transfusion (ISBT).The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type that A, B, AB, O…etc.

Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own, and the mother can form antibodies against fetal RBCs. Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG, a small immunoglobulin, which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn called erythroblastosis fetalis, an illness of low fetal blood counts that ranges from mild to severe. Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis.

HistoryKarl Landsteiner, who is noted for having first distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and having identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient′s life. With ConstantinLevadit and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio virus, in 1909. In 1930 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He was awarded a Lasker Award in 1946 posthumously and is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine.

From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner studied chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München under Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich under Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch. A number of publications from that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors, show that he did not restrict himself to hearing lectures.

Today it is well known that persons with blood group AB can accept donations of the other blood groups, and that persons with blood group O can donate to all other groups. Individuals with blood group AB are referred to as universal recipients and those with blood group O are known as universal donors. These donor-recipient relationships arise due to the fact that persons with AB do not form antibodies against either blood group A or B. Further, because type O blood possesses neither characteristic A nor B, the immune systems of persons with blood group AB do not refuse the donation. In today’s blood transfusions only concentrates of red blood cells without serum are transmitted, which is of great importance in surgical practice. In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of theseachievements. For his pioneer Work he is regarded as father of transfusion medicine.

Blood groups typesA complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens.

The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who identified the O, A, and B blood types in 1900.Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type "C", and in parts of Europe it is rendered as "0" (zero), signifying the lack of A or B antigen. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902.

Generally blood groups are classified on the basis of presence of antigens and antibodies. The common blood groups are shown under.

Blood type A: - This blood group having antigen A on the plasma & antibody B on the serum.

Blood type B: - This blood group consists of antigen B on the plasma & antibody A on the serum.

Blood type AB: - This blood group contains both antigens A&B on the plasma. But antibodies are absent.

Blood type O: - This blood group having both antibodies A&B on the serum. But antibodies are absent

Blood groups Antigens Antibodies GenotypesA A Anti-B AA or AOB B Anti-A BB or BO

AB A and B Neither ABO Neither A and B OO

Materials and MethodsSterilized lancet or needle; microscope slides; ethanol preps; distilled water; toothpick; anti-A

and anti-B sera (human),cotton,sprit bottle,a clean tile.

The Rh system:-The Rh antigens are exposed at the surface of red blood cells. They are used for

the transport of carbon di oxide across the plasma membrane.

There are a number of Rh antigens. Red cells that are "Rh-positive" express the one designated D. About 15% of the population have no RhD antigen and thus are "Rh-negative"

The major importance of the Rh system for human health is to avoid the danger of RhD incompatibility between mother and fetus

ANTIGENS &ANTIBODIES:-The central principle of the ABO system is that antigens – in this instance, sugars physically exposed on the exterior of red blood cells – differ between individuals, who have immunological tolerance only toward what occurs in their own bodies. As a result, many humans express isoantibodies – antibodies against isoantigens, natural components present in the bodies of other members of the same species but not themselves.

Isoantibodies may be present against the A and/or B antigens in people who do not themselves have the same antigens in their own blood. These antibodies act as haemagglutinins, which cause blood cells to clump and break apart if they carry the foreign antigens. This formation of clumping is called agglutination or blood coagulation.

General resembling of agglutination :-

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which are not present in the newborn, appear in the first years of life. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM type, which are not able to

pass through the placenta to the fetal blood circulation. O-type individuals can produce IgG-type ABO antibodies.

Role of ABO antigens:-For a blood donor and recipient to be ABO-compatible for a transfusion, the recipient must not be able to produce Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies that correspond to the A or B antigens on the surface of the donor's red blood cells.

In addition to the ABO system, the Rh blood group system can affect transfusion compatibility. An individual is either positive or negative for the Rh factor; this is denoted by a '+' or '−' after their ABO type. Blood that is Rh-negative can be transfused into a person who is Rh-positive, but an Rh-negative individual can create antibodies for Rh-positive RBCs.

Because of this, the AB+ blood type is referred to as the "universal recipient", as it possesses neither Anti-B nor Anti-A antibodies in its plasma, and can receive both Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood.

Similarly, the O− blood type is called the "universal donor"; since its red blood cells have no A or B antigens and are Rh-negative, no other blood type will rejuvinate

Process of blood grouping:-

The reagents for the process of blood grouping are Antisera – A, B, &D.

Antigens are the substances which involves in agglutination are clumping when antibodies are added to the blood of an individual and the corresponding antibodies and antigens react. Antigens are present over the plasma membrane of RBC. The antigens are A, B, or D.

The sera contains Anti-A or Anti-B or Anti-D antibodies. ‘A’ antibody reacts with ‘A’ antigen and ‘B’ antibody reacts with ‘B’ antigen and ‘D’ antibody reacts with ‘D’ antigen. Whereas ‘D’ antibody is referred as Rh factor. The reaction of ‘D’ antibody with ‘D’

antigen is indicates the presence of Rh factor. It is noted as Rh+ve. The absence of this reaction indicates the presence of Rh-ve.

Procedure:-One drop of each antiserum of three antisera is added on a grass disc at different places and they are marked. Now a drop of blood is added to each place the tile is to mix up with the contents. Agglutination reaction is the indicator to identify the blood group.

If the clump is formed at the particular antigen indicates the presence of particular blood group.

For example if clump formed at anti-A then the blood group is A

If the clump formed at anti-D then it indicates the +ve or –ve.

For example clump formed at anti-A and anti-D the blood group of the person is A+ve

Thus we can easily identify the blood groups of a human.

Blood donations:-Blood donations are a process of donation of blood from a person to a needed patient. But if we don’t take care in this process it’s may be a problem of agglutination. Here we have to notify AB blood groups are universal acceptors. And O blood groups are universal donors.

It is a table that shows the matches of bloodgroups.

According to all the above procedure we did a simple project on blood grouping.

As part of our project we visited a village named Yanamalakuduru and did a project in that village i.e detecting the blood group of individuals of age from18 to 54 years. With the help of antigens we used to detect the blood group of an individual.

The grouping is carried out for about 106 people& their groups and names are listed below as tabulated form.

REPORT :-According to our report among all ages, the no. of persons havingA+ve are 14 members and no. of persons having B+ve are 28 membersAB+ve are 10 members, O+ve are 37 members, O-veare 8, B-ve are 6&A-veare 5, and none of the persons are having AB-ve.

REPORT TABLE :-

Sn.no name Fathers name Blood group

1 B.sambasiva Rajarao O+ve2 D.kantharao Jakayaiha O+ve3 P.veerabramham Seshagirirao A+ve4 K.panakalu Venkateswarulu O+ve5 N.yesukumari venkateswararao O+ve6 sujatha Narasimharao O+ve7 B.koteswaramma Narasimha O+ve8 G.rani Krishna murthy O+ve9 G.krishnamurthy Seshayaih O-ve

10 M.rajesh Anand Ab+ve11 B.satishkumar Satyanarayana o-ve12 CH.sivakrishna Dasu A+ve13 B.koteswaramma Lakshmipathi O+ve14 Dasiveramma Koti O+ve15 M.siva Edukondalu B+ve16 P.eswarudu Venkatrao A+ve

17 P.vivek Eswarudu A+ve18 venkataswami bodhayaih O+ve19 chirupulagammi dasu B-ve20 P.sasirekha venkatratnam Ab+ve21 G.vijayakumar chandrayaih A+ve22 M.devakar Venkateswarao O+ve23 V.nagamani Anandrao o-ve24 P.chiranjeevi Mundayaih Ab+ve25 B.veeraraghavulu lakshminarayana B+ve26 CH.johnkumar Seshayaih O+ve27 G.sathvik Vajarayaiha B+ve28 B.nagaraju Narasimhudu b-ve29 B.china Ramulu A+ve30 K.venkateswararao Rambabu B+ve31 israyal sitharam b-ve32 T.suvartha Gopalarao Ab+ve33 D.kumari Mosses o-ve34 durgamma Prasad A+ve35 J.madhavi Rajasehakar B+ve36 B.jayamma Lakshman B+ve37 K.tejarani Nani o-ve38 B.sweety Mariadas O-ve39 G.naveen Kumar O+ve40 G.raviteja Chandraiha a-ve41 K.srinivas Nageswararao B+ve

42 P.aslamm Masthanvalli b-ve43 B.kiranprakash Adam O+ve44 B.sambasivarao rajarao B+ve45 A.rajini Narasimha o-ve46 G.yakob Venkat O+ve47 SK.fhatima hussain B+ve48 SK.mokthumbi Sk.merassa 0+ve49 K.subbalakshmi adinarayana A+ve50 Y.N.vijayakumar narayana B+ve51 B.seetha adinarayana O+ve52 P.nagamani Koteswararao O+ve53 P.subhashini Gangadhar b-v e54 J.ratnnamma Kammayya O+ve55 G.pragna Ramchandrarao B+ve56 MD.rehmma Subhani O+ve57 A.jummabi Sekhar O+ve58 P.prashanthi Eswarudu Ab+ve59 Pushpa Kutumbarao O+ve60 Aruna Nani Ab+ve61 Vani Venkateswararao O+ve62 Ramesh Srinivasarao O+ve63 Srikanth Kutumbarao o+ve64 Subbhalakshmi Isrel O+ve65 Saraswathi Kondal A+ve66 Lavanya Sureshbabu O+ve67 Ramalakshmi Veerabai B+ve68 Pramilarani Venu B+ve69 Radha Ravi o-ve70 CH.pavani Gangadhar Ab+ve71 P.laxmi Venkataratnam Ab+ve72 M.govind Srinivasarao B+ve73 G.samatha Chandrayyaiha A+ve74 M.ramadevi Anand B+ve

75 MD.aminabi Rehman O+ve76 praveen vivekananda O+ve77 T.santhi Balakrishna O+ve78 v.jyothi Sudhakar O+ve79 Meri Prakashrao B+ve80 k.matha Raju B+ve81 Samuel Poyhuraju O+ve82 v.tejakumari Sambasivarao A+ve83 Sirisha sambasivarao A+ve84 Mariyamma Yobeth O+ve85 Nagalakshmi Shamu O+ve86 S.mohanakrishna durgarao O+ve87 Veranjaneyulu Ragavaiyya A-ve88 Hamsi Mundayiha B-ve89 P.suribabu Ramulu B-ve90 p.mangamma Mallesh B-ve91 Venu Sambasivasivarao B-ve92 Asharani Peter B+ve93 Jithendra Muralikrishna B+ve94 Manikanta Nageswararao B+ve95 R.sathish Sambasivarao O+ve96 D.chaitanya Ankaraju O+ve97 K.leelashankar Ramesh Ab+ve98 CH.devamani Samuel B+ve99 P.marayamma Asthirao O+ve100 K.vijayamma Subbarao B+ve101 K.nagalakshmi Bhaskarrao B+ve102 V.V.prasad Sambasivarao A+ve103 K.vijayakumar Siva A+ve104 k.anil Jhonstom B+ve105 P.murari Vijaykumar O+ve106 CH.koteswaramma subbarao O+ve

By

Y.S.L.V.BARATHI,S.L.PRASANNA,A.PHANIKUMARI

This includes about a project on blood grouping in a selected area called YANAMALAKUDURU.

Some photographs taken during the projects

PHOTOGRAPH OF BLOOD GROUP-PLATE

PIE CHART OF BLOOD GROUP

A+veB+veAB+veO+veA-veB-veAB-veO-ve

BAR DIAGRAM OF BLOOD GROUPING

A+ve B+ve AB+ve O+ve A-ve B-ve AB-ve O-ve0

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