BLOODBLOOD

BloodBlood

Complex mixture of cells, cell fragments, Complex mixture of cells, cell fragments, and dissolved biochemicals that and dissolved biochemicals that transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormoneshormones

Helps maintain the stability of the Helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluidinterstitial fluid

Distributes heatDistributes heat Type of connective tissue whose cells are Type of connective tissue whose cells are

suspended in liquidsuspended in liquid

Blood ContentsBlood Contents Formed elements:Formed elements:

Red blood cellsRed blood cells White blood cellsWhite blood cells Blood PlateletsBlood Platelets

About 5.3 quarts (5 L) in average adultAbout 5.3 quarts (5 L) in average adult 45% cells by volume45% cells by volume 55% plasma55% plasma

Mixtures of water, amino acids, proteins, Mixtures of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes.electrolytes, and cellular wastes.

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

Erythrocytes; biconcave discsErythrocytes; biconcave discs Transports gases (oxygen)Transports gases (oxygen) Hemoglobin is a protein makes up 1/3 of rbc; Hemoglobin is a protein makes up 1/3 of rbc;

carries oxygencarries oxygen The red blood cell count (RBCC) may affect The red blood cell count (RBCC) may affect

health; increasing the number increases the health; increasing the number increases the blood's oxygen-carrying capacityblood's oxygen-carrying capacity

Erythropoietin is the hormone that controls the Erythropoietin is the hormone that controls the rate of rbc formationrate of rbc formation

White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells Leukocytes; protect against diseaseLeukocytes; protect against disease 5 types of wbc5 types of wbc

Neutrophils – phagocytize small particlesNeutrophils – phagocytize small particles Eosinophils – kill parasites; phagocyte; Eosinophils – kill parasites; phagocyte;

inflammation and allergic reaction controlinflammation and allergic reaction control Basophils – release heparin to prevent Basophils – release heparin to prevent

blood clots and histamines to increase blood clots and histamines to increase blood flowblood flow

Monocytes – phagocyte very large objectsMonocytes – phagocyte very large objects Lymphocytes – immunity role; produces Lymphocytes – immunity role; produces

antibodiesantibodies

Blood PlateletsBlood Platelets

Thrombocytes; not complete cellsThrombocytes; not complete cells Arise from megakaryocytes in red Arise from megakaryocytes in red

bone marrowbone marrow Platelet count variesPlatelet count varies Helps to close breaks in damaged Helps to close breaks in damaged

blood vessels and initiate blood clot blood vessels and initiate blood clot formationformation

Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma

Clear, straw-colored liquid portion of Clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the bloodthe blood

92% water92% water Transports nutrients, gases, and Transports nutrients, gases, and

vitamins; regulates fluid and vitamins; regulates fluid and electrolyte balance; maintains pHelectrolyte balance; maintains pH

Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins AlbuminsAlbumins

SmallestSmallest Regulate water movement between blood and tissuesRegulate water movement between blood and tissues Control blood volumeControl blood volume

GlobulinsGlobulins Transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins; Transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins;

antibodiesantibodies

FibrinogenFibrinogen Blood coagulationBlood coagulation Largest proteinLargest protein

Gases and NutrientsGases and Nutrients

Oxygen and carbon dioxide (most Oxygen and carbon dioxide (most important); dissolved nitrogenimportant); dissolved nitrogen

Amino acids, simple sugars, Amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids are absorbed from nucleotides, lipids are absorbed from the digestive tract into the plasmathe digestive tract into the plasma

Electrolytes that are absorbed Electrolytes that are absorbed include sodium, potassium, calcium, include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ionsphosphate, and sulfate ions

HemostasisHemostasis

Stoppage of bleedingStoppage of bleeding Limit or prevent blood loss:Limit or prevent blood loss:

Blood Vessel Spasm Blood Vessel Spasm – smooth muscles walls – smooth muscles walls contract and may completely close a vesselcontract and may completely close a vessel

Platelet Plug Formation – Platelet Plug Formation – adhere to adhere to collagen and each other forming a plug in the collagen and each other forming a plug in the breakbreak

Coagulation – Coagulation – most effective; formation of a most effective; formation of a blood clotblood clot

Blood CoagulationBlood Coagulation Fibrinogen protein is converted to fibrin and stick to Fibrinogen protein is converted to fibrin and stick to

exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels creating a exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels creating a mesh-work that traps blood cells and plateletsmesh-work that traps blood cells and platelets

Serum – clear/yellow liquid remaining after a clotSerum – clear/yellow liquid remaining after a clot Normal blood flow throughout the body prevents Normal blood flow throughout the body prevents

formation of blood clots; usually limited to blood standing formation of blood clots; usually limited to blood standing stillstill

Abnormal blood clot in a vessel is a thrombusAbnormal blood clot in a vessel is a thrombus A moving fragment of a thrombus is an embolusA moving fragment of a thrombus is an embolus Atherosclerosis – accummulation of fatty deposits change Atherosclerosis – accummulation of fatty deposits change

linings and intiate clottinglinings and intiate clotting Vessels supplying a vital organ like the heart (coronary Vessels supplying a vital organ like the heart (coronary

thrombosis) or brain (cerebral thrombosis) kills tissues the thrombosis) or brain (cerebral thrombosis) kills tissues the vessel serves (infarction) and may be fatalvessel serves (infarction) and may be fatal

Blood GroupsBlood Groups

Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cellsAgglutination is the clumping of red blood cells Antigens are surface molecules and antibodies can cause Antigens are surface molecules and antibodies can cause

agglutinationagglutination ABO blood group is based on presence or absence of ABO blood group is based on presence or absence of

antigens on red blood cells; antigen A or antigen B, antigens on red blood cells; antigen A or antigen B, neither, or bothneither, or both

Antigen A only – type AAntigen A only – type A Antigen B only – type BAntigen B only – type B Antigens A and B – type ABAntigens A and B – type AB Neither antigens A or B – type ONeither antigens A or B – type O When an antigen is absent, the body produces antibodies When an antigen is absent, the body produces antibodies

for that antigen. For example, type A blood is missing B for that antigen. For example, type A blood is missing B antigen, therefore is has anti-B, an antibody for antigen Bantigen, therefore is has anti-B, an antibody for antigen B

Blood GroupsBlood Groups

Antibodies for A and antigens for A will clump; reason Antibodies for A and antigens for A will clump; reason for blood typing before blood transfusions.for blood typing before blood transfusions.

Type AB : universal recipientType AB : universal recipient Type O: universal donorType O: universal donor

Blood Type Blood Type of Recipientof Recipient

Preferred bloodPreferred blood type of donortype of donor

Permissible Blood Permissible Blood Type of DonorType of Donor

AA AA A, OA, O

BB BB B, OB, O

ABAB ABAB AB, A, B, OAB, A, B, O

OO OO OO

Rh Blood GroupRh Blood Group

Rh factors (antigens)Rh factors (antigens) If Rh antigens are present on the cell, it is Rh-positiveIf Rh antigens are present on the cell, it is Rh-positive If a cell lacks Rh antigens, it is Rh-negativeIf a cell lacks Rh antigens, it is Rh-negative The presence or absence is an inherited traitThe presence or absence is an inherited trait Only in Rh-negative persons is there a formation of Only in Rh-negative persons is there a formation of

antibodies in response to special stimulationantibodies in response to special stimulation If there is a transfusion from Rh+ to an Rh-, the cells If there is a transfusion from Rh+ to an Rh-, the cells

will begin producing antibodies and becomes will begin producing antibodies and becomes sensitized to Rh+ blood. A second transfusion are sensitized to Rh+ blood. A second transfusion are likely to agglutinatelikely to agglutinate