BLOODBLOODhttp://

www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF BLOODBLOOD

Transportation Transportation transports nutrients, hormones, gases, transports nutrients, hormones, gases, and wastes to and from all cellsand wastes to and from all cells

Regulation Regulation carries chemical messengers, regulates carries chemical messengers, regulates temperature, regulates pH and water temperature, regulates pH and water concentrationsconcentrations

ProtectionProtectionCarries specialized cells and chemicals Carries specialized cells and chemicals to fight diseaseto fight diseaseClotting prevents bleedingClotting prevents bleeding

BLOODBLOOD

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=sXyq6dOASt0&feature=related=sXyq6dOASt0&feature=related

ComponentsComponents of Bloodof Blood(4 – 6 liters (4 – 6 liters

volume)volume)

ComponentsComponents of of BloodBlood

1.1. PlasmaPlasma

2.2. Red blood cellsRed blood cells

3.3. White blood White blood cellscells

4.4. PlateletsPlatelets

PlasmaPlasma Clear straw colored liquid part Clear straw colored liquid part

(55% of blood)(55% of blood) 90% water 90% water 10% salts, glucose, amino acids, 10% salts, glucose, amino acids,

fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, cellular wastes, proteinshormones, cellular wastes, proteins

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)carries oxygen and carbon dioxide carries oxygen and carbon dioxide (hemoglobin in the cytoplasm)(hemoglobin in the cytoplasm)

30 trillion in your blood30 trillion in your blood

2 million/sec made in the bone marrow, live 2 million/sec made in the bone marrow, live 120 days120 days

broken down by liver and spleen, broken down by liver and spleen, hemoglobin recycledhemoglobin recycled

flat disk shaped for increased surface area flat disk shaped for increased surface area and rapid exchange of gases – no nucleiand rapid exchange of gases – no nuclei

reduced # of red blood cells is called anemiareduced # of red blood cells is called anemia

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

White blood cells (leukocytes)White blood cells (leukocytes)

protects body from bacteria and virusesprotects body from bacteria and viruses

60 billion in your blood60 billion in your blood

1 million/sec produced in bone marrow 1 million/sec produced in bone marrow and lymphatic tissueand lymphatic tissue

move by ambiotic motion through out move by ambiotic motion through out the tissues to attack infectionthe tissues to attack infection

normal count = 7,000 – 10,000/cm3normal count = 7,000 – 10,000/cm3

infection present = 1,000,000/cm3 infection present = 1,000,000/cm3

Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes neutrophils – neutrophils –

phagocytosis of small phagocytosis of small particlesparticles

monocytes – monocytes – phagocytosis of large phagocytosis of large particlesparticles

eosinophils – clot eosinophils – clot digesting enzymesdigesting enzymes

basophils – basophils – anticoagulant (heparin) anticoagulant (heparin) causes inflammationcauses inflammation

macrophage – ingests macrophage – ingests foreign invadersforeign invaders

Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes

lymphocytes – immune responselymphocytes – immune response

Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes

A white blood cell is stalking the green bacterium, shown at the lower right.

PlateletsPlatelets

Cell fragments involved in clotting

Blood ClottingBlood Clotting

Clotting reduces bleeding in small wounds by Clotting reduces bleeding in small wounds by the platelets sticking to the wall and the platelets sticking to the wall and rupturing materials that result in a network rupturing materials that result in a network of strands that trap red blood cells and seal of strands that trap red blood cells and seal the leakthe leak

Smooth walls of the vessels and Smooth walls of the vessels and anticoagulants stop clotting under normal anticoagulants stop clotting under normal conditionsconditions

Clotting problems come from decreased Clotting problems come from decreased platelets in the blood or decreased vitamin Kplatelets in the blood or decreased vitamin K

Blood ClottingBlood Clotting

Unwanted clotsUnwanted clots

In the coronary arteries – heart In the coronary arteries – heart attackattack

Unwanted clotsUnwanted clots

In the cerebral arteries – strokeIn the cerebral arteries – stroke

Unwanted clotsUnwanted clots In the lungs – shortness of breathIn the lungs – shortness of breath

Components of the BloodComponents of the Blood

These components can be separated These components can be separated by centrifugeby centrifuge

Components of the BloodComponents of the Blood

ERYTHROCYTERYTHROCYTESES

(red blood (red blood cells)cells)

LEUKOCYTESLEUKOCYTES

(white blood (white blood cells)cells)

PLASMAPLASMA

(liquid part)(liquid part)

PLATELETSPLATELETS

(cell (cell fragments)fragments)

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

PRODUCTIOPRODUCTIONN

BROKENBROKEN

DOWNDOWN

RELATED RELATED

DISEASEDISEASE

carries gasesO2 and CO2

(hemoglobin)

bone marrowmost

numerouscells in the

bloodliver and spleen

hemoglobin recycled

decreased # of rbc’s =

anemia

protects body from bacteria and viruses

bone marrow and lymphatic

tissuereabsorbed by the body or removed

as pusincreased # of wbc’s = infection or leukemia

transports gasses

nutrients, wastes

hormones

clotting mechanism

sticks to the wall of

blood vessels

ruptures, releases

fibers that trap rbc’s

diminished clotting = hemophilia

BLOOD TYPESBLOOD TYPES

AntigensAntigens

Proteins on the surface of the red blood cellsProteins on the surface of the red blood cells Antigen AAntigen A Antigen BAntigen B

AntibodiesAntibodies in the plasma that will react and destroy in the plasma that will react and destroy

red blood cells that match that antigenred blood cells that match that antigen Anti-AAnti-A Anti-BAnti-B

TYPE A TYPE B TYPE AB TYPE O

Antigen A Antigen BAntigen

A+BNo antigens

Anti-B antibodies

Anti-A antibodies

no antibodies

Anti-A and Anti-B

Receive A+O

Receive B+O

Universal recipient

Receive O

39% pop 12% pop 4% pop 45% pop

getting the wrong blood type

Rh FactorRh Factor

Rh antigens may or may not be Rh antigens may or may not be present on the red blood cellspresent on the red blood cells

If present = If present = Rh+Rh+ If not present = If not present = Rh-Rh-

Rh FactorRh Factor

If mom is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, she will If mom is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, she will develop antibodies against the baby’s red develop antibodies against the baby’s red blood cellsblood cells

There is no danger in the first pregnancy There is no danger in the first pregnancy because the antibodies are developingbecause the antibodies are developing

During the second pregnancy, mom’s During the second pregnancy, mom’s antibodies will destroy baby’s red blood antibodies will destroy baby’s red blood cellscells

Injection given after each birth to destroy Injection given after each birth to destroy mom’s antibodiesmom’s antibodies

Circulation of LymphCirculation of Lymph

Lymph is colorless, watery intercellular Lymph is colorless, watery intercellular fluid that bathes all fluid that bathes all cells of the bodycells of the body

Lymph helps exchange substances Lymph helps exchange substances between between blood and body cellsblood and body cells

Intercellular fluid is made up of:Intercellular fluid is made up of:– fluidfluid that diffuses out of the blood that diffuses out of the blood– water, salts, proteins, nutrientswater, salts, proteins, nutrients

Excess fluid and proteins return to the Excess fluid and proteins return to the blood through the blood through the lymphatic systemlymphatic system

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System Lymphatic Lymphatic

capillaries are capillaries are closed at one endclosed at one end

One directional One directional vessels with vessels with valves to prevent valves to prevent backflowbackflow

Lymph moves by Lymph moves by muscular actions muscular actions of the bodyof the body

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

Lymph from the Lymph from the lower body, left lower body, left head, chest, and head, chest, and arm empty into the arm empty into the thoracic ductthoracic duct which which empties into the left empties into the left side of the neckside of the neck

Lymph form the Lymph form the right head, chest, right head, chest, and arm empties and arm empties into the into the veinvein in the in the right side of the right side of the neckneck

Lymph Nodes or GlandsLymph Nodes or Glands

Filter the lymph of Filter the lymph of bacteria or cancer bacteria or cancer cellscells

Produce white blood Produce white blood cellscells– Swollen glands Swollen glands

indicate infectionindicate infection Lymphoid tissues in Lymphoid tissues in

the spleen also filter the spleen also filter out bacteria and worn out bacteria and worn out red blood cellsout red blood cells