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Transcript of Blood
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Blood
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BloodThe liquid form of
connective tissue in which cells are suspended in a circulating fluid, the plasma
About 5.5 L in humans
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Composition of bloodLiquid Intercellular
substance (Plasma)50-60% of actual
blood volumeHomogenous,
slightly alkaline fluid which contains: Organic substances Inorganic substances Enzymes Hormones
Solid or formed elements40-50% of actual blood volumeCellular elements
RBC/erythrocytes WBC/leukocytes Platelets/
thrombocytesNon-cellular
elements Hemoconia – blood
dusts Chylomicrons or tiny
fat droplets
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SerumClear yellow liquid of clotted bloodWhen circulation ceases, or when blood is
exposed to air, one of the globulins of plasma (fibrinogen) precipitates as a network of fine filaments, the fibrin. The contraction of clotted blood or plasma (syneresis) expresses a clear yellow fluid called SERUM
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Composition of PlasmaPlasma is an aqueous solution containing
substances of low or high molecular weight that make up 10% of its volumePlasma proteins – 7%
Albumin – alpha and beta Gamma globulins Lipoproteins Proteins that precipitate in blood coagulation
(prothrombin and fibrinogen)Inorganic salts – 0.9%Organic compounds – amino acids, vitamins,
hormones, lipoproteins – of various origins
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HematocritIs an estimate of the
volume of packed erythrocytes per unit volume of blood
Normal value:Adult male – 40-50%Adult female – 35-
45% and diminishes by physiologic hemodilution during pregnancy
Children up to 10 – 35%
Newborn – 45-60%
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Cellular Elements of blood
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RBC or ErythrocytesAnucleate (no nucleus)Packed with the oxygen-
carrying protein, HEMOGLOBIN (heme-iron portion;globin-protein portion)
Small 7.5 μm in diameter
Biconcave in profileNon-granularNon-motileAcidophilic staining
cells
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RBC or Erythrocytes“dumbbell” in shape - in profile
osmotic pressure of vacuum of blood vessels sucks RBC membrane causing constriction at the middle
provides the erythrocytes a large surface-to-volume ratio, thus facilitating gas exchange
Elastic – suffers changes in shape when passing into environmental obstacles
Cytoplasm – homogenous and non-granularFresh cytoplasm – yellowish greenCytoplasm when stained – red, orange, pink
due to acid stain
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RBC or ErythrocytesAcidophilic staining property is due to
hemoglobin (14-16 grams/100 cc of blood)Lifespan – 10 to 120 days (during its life =
700 miles of travel)Normal RBC count 4.5 M/cu mm of blood
Female – 3.9 to 5.5 M/cu mm of bloodMale – 4.1 to 6 M/cu mm of blood
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Terminologies
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AnemiaDecreased concentration of red blood cells in
the circulating bloodIt is also possible for the number of red blood
cells to be normal but for each cell to contain a reduced amount of hemoglobin
May be caused by:Loss of blood (hemorrhage)Insufficient production of red blood cells by the
bone marrowProduction of RBC with insufficient hemoglobin
– related to iron deficiency anemiaAccelerated blood cell destruction
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Polycythemia or ErythrocytosisIncrease in RBC countPhysiologic adaptation – found in
people living in high altitudes where oxygen tension is low
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Special Features/Behavior of Red Blood Cells
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Rouleaux formationRBC adhere themselves to one another due to
surface tensionAppear as “columns” or “piles of coins”
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CrenationRBC’s spiked shrunk appearanceInduced in vitro by: exposure to fatty
acids, lysolecithin, anionic compunds or elevated pH
Erythrocytes assume a spiny configuration with 10 – 30 spicules regularly distributed over their surface and are thus called echinocytes
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Behavior of RBC when exposed to solutions of different concentrationsHypertonic solution Hypotonic solutionSolution of greater
concentration gradientFlow of water: from low
to highRBC shrinks
Isotonic solutionEqual concentration,
equal pressure (0.9% NaCl)
No change
Solution of lesser concentration and less osmotic pressure causing swelling of RBC
Water goes to cell causing the cell to swell and eventually burst and disintegrate
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Anisocytosis – variation in RBC sizeMacrocyte – large RBC (9 μm)Normocyte – normal RBC (7 – 8 μm)Microcyte – small RBC (6 μm)
Poikilocytosis – variation in RBC shape
OvalocytesSpherocytes - inelasticSickle cells – “crescent-like”, sickling, inelastic, with
abnormal hemoglobin, hereditary factors (etiology)Target cells – abnormally shaped RBC in some cases
of anemia; do not undergo roleaux formation
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Anisochromia – variation in RBC colorHyperchromic – more color, more hemoglobinNormochromic – normal color, normal
hemoglobinHypochromic – less color, less hemoglobin
Agglutination - sludging Clumping of RBC due to agglutinin (anti-
bodies)Happens in unmatched blood
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RBC particlesHeinz bodies Granules found in normal RBCDue to congenital suseptibility to drugsHowell-Jolly bodiesRemnants of nuclear chromatin (inside RBC)Makes RBC with basophilic particles insideCabot’s ringRemnants of nuclear membrane (artifact)
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WBC or Leukocytes
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Leukocytes or WBCInvolved in the cellular
and humoral defense of the organism against foreign materials
Normal lifespan – a few days to a week
Normal count – 6,000 to 10,000 per microliter of blood
Divided into two groups:GranularNon-granular
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TerminologiesDiapedesis – a process that accounts for
the unidirectional flow of granulocytes and monocytes thru intact walls of blood vessels
Chemotaxis – attraction of specific cells by chemical mediators; migration of blood cells to the site of infection
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Granular WBC
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Neutrophils/Heterophils60-70% 12-15 μm in diameter2-5 lobesIn females, the inactive
x-chromosome appears as a drumstick appendage on one of the lobes of the nucleus (Barr body)
First line of cellular defense (phagocytes)
Normal lifespan – 1-4 days (6-7 hours halflife)
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Eosinophils or Acidophils2-4% Bilobed, with
numerous large acidophilic granules
Increase in number during parasitism and allergic reactions
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BasophilsLess than 1%12-15 µm in
diameterS-shaped nucleus
obscured by large basophilic granules
May supplement the function of mast cells in immediate hypersensitivity reaction
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Non-granular WBC
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Lymphocytes6-8 µm (small),
medium-sized and large-sized (18 μm) are present in circulating blood
Diverse function, all related to immune reactions in defending against invading microorganism
Lifespan – a few daysThe only leukocyte
that return to the tissue after diapedesis
25 – 30%
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Monocytes12-20 µm in
diameterU-shaped or kidney-
shaped nucleusPrecursor cells of
the mononuclear phagocyte system
4-8%
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Platelets or Thrombocytes
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ThrombocytesLightest formed elementsNonnucleated, disklike fragments 2-4 µmPromote blood clotting and help repair gaps
in the walls of blood vessels, preventing blood loss
Normal count – 200,000 to 400,000 per microliter of blood
Normal lifespan – about 10 days