“BLIND SPOT”
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Transcript of “BLIND SPOT”
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“BLIND SPOT”
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ANATOMY OF THE RETINA
Image downloaded from: http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/
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Image downloaded from: http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/
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Sensitif terhadap cahaya redup melihat dalam kondisi gelap
Menyerap semua cahaya yang tampak dgn berbagai panjang gelombang
Sinaps yang terhubung dengan sel ganglion tunggal > 1
Menghasilkan gambar kabur dan tidak jelas
KARAKTERISTIK SEL BATANG “Rods”
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KARAKTERISTIK SEL KERUCUT “Cones”
Sensitivitas rendah memerlukan pencahayaan kuat untuk aktivasi
Berpigmen pandangan thd wana jelas Setiap sinaps dari sel ini terhubung dengan
satu sel ganglion Gambaran ditunjukkan secara jelas &
memiliki resolusi yang tinggi:BlueGreenRed
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Image downloaded from: http://hamwaves.com/antennas/diel-rod.html
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OTOT PENGGERAK BOLA MATA
Muscle Primary Function
Medial rectus moves eye towards nose
Lateral rectus moves eye away from nose
Superior rectus raises eye
Inferior rectus lowers eye
Superior oblique rotates eye
Inferior oblique rotates eye
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Cranial Nerves & Muscle Actions
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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http://www.tedmontgomery.com/the_eye/index.html
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STEREOSCOPIC VISION
Image downloaded from: http://www.vision3d.com/stereo.html
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Image downloaded from: http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~psyc351/imagelist.htm
VISUAL PATHWAYS TO THE BRAIN
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VISIBLE COLOR SPECTRUM
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Anatomy & Physiology of The Ear
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Anatomy of the Ear
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FUNGSI TELINGA LUAR: BEKERJA UNTUK MEMBAWA SUARA DALAM
MEKANISME KERJA PENDENGARAN Pinna Ear canal Ear drum
TELINGA TENGAH: TRANSMISI SUARA YANG MASUK DARI M. TYMPHANI KE COCHLEA Maleus Incus Stapes
TELINGA DALAM: MENERIMA TRANSMISI SUARA DARI TELINGA TENGAH & MERUBAH
SUARA MENJADI SINYAL YANG DAPAT DITRANSMISIKAN MLL SARAF AUDITORIUS (O/ SEL2 RAMBUT) MENUJU KE OTAK
Semicircular canal ORGAN KESEIMBANGAN Cochlea – Sel2 rambut
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PROCESS OF HEARING
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Marieb, E.N. (2004)
TELINGA LUAR
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External auditory canal PIPA PENDEK TERDAPAT KELENJAR SERUMEN & KELENJAR KERINGAT
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) MEMBRAN TIPIS MEMBATASI TELINGA LUAR DAN DALAM
TELINGA LUAR
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The Ossicles
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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TELINGA DALAM
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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TELINGA DALAM
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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The Cochlea
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Organ of Corti
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f
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Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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The Cochlea The cochlear branch of nerve VIII runs from the
organ of Corti to the brain
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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The cochlear is shown as if it were uncoiled and laid out straight
^
RESONANSI PADA COCHLEA
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Hairs
Each stereocilia has a gated K+ channel at its tip. Vibrations of the cochlea cause each hair to bend, this pulls open the K + channel of the adjacent hair. The inflow of K + depolarizes the hair cell.
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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The Cochlea
Tulang cochlea berjalan spiral & merupakan tempat keluarnya lamina spiralis
Dari lamina spiralis menjulur ke dinding luar koklea membran basilaris
Pada tempat perlekatan membran basilaris ke dinding luar koklea terdapat penebalan periosteum yang dikenal sebagai ligamentum spiralis
Di samping itu juga terdapat membran vestibularis (Reissner) yang membentang sepanjang koklea dari lamina spiralis ke dinding luar
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The Cochlea
Kedua membran membagi saluran koklea tulang menjadi tiga bagian yaituRuangan atas (skala vestibuli)Ruangan tengah (skala media/duktus koklearis)Ruang bawah (skala timpani)
Antara skala vestibuli dengan duktus koklearis dipisahkan oleh membran vestibularis (Reissner)
Antara duktus koklearis dengan skala timpani dipisahkan oleh membran basilaris
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The Cochlea
Pada pertemuan antara lamina spiralis tulang dengan modiolus terdapat ganglion spiralis yang sebagian diliputi tulang berkas-berkas serat saraf yang menembus tulang lamina spiralis mencapai organ Corti
Periosteum di atas lamina spiralis menebal dan menonjol ke dalam duktus koklearis sebagai limbus spiralis
Membran basilaris yang merupakan landasan organ Corti dibentuk oleh serat-serat kolagen
Membran vestibularis merupakan suatu lembaran jaringan ikat tipis yang diliputi oleh epitel selapis gepeng pada bagian yang menghadap skala vestibuli.
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Properties of Normal Hearing
Adequate stimulus (SOUND) Conduction of stimulus to sensory organs of hearing Frequency – the number of waves that pass a given point
in a given time Pitch – perception of different frequencies (20–20,000 Hz)
Sensory transduction of stimulus at organs of hearing Neural transmission of the signal Central auditory processing of the signal at the brain
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Auditory Pathways
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: RESEPTOR KESEIMBANGAN DI SEMICIRCULAR CANALS & VESTIBULA
MENJAGA KESEIMBANGAN & ORIENTASI SEMICIRCULAR CANAL DYNAMIC &
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM - ROTATION
MEKANISME KESEIMBANGAN & ORIENTASI
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The Vestibule
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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The Vestibule The central egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth Suspended in its perilymph are two sacs: the saccule and
utricle The saccule extends into the cochlea The utricle extends into the semicircular canals These sacs:
House equilibrium receptors called maculae Respond to gravity and changes in the position of the head –
tilting the head
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ANATOMY OF MACULAE IN THE VESTIBULE
Maculae are the sensory receptors for static equilibrium
Contain supporting cells and hair cells Each hair cell has stereocilia and kinocilium embedded in
the otolithic membrane
Otolithic membrane – jellylike mass studded with tiny CaCO3 stones called otoliths (ear stones)
Utricular hairs respond to horizontal movement Saccular hairs respond to vertical movement
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Anatomy of Maculae
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Effect of Gravity on Utricular Receptor Cells Otolithic movement in the direction of the kinocilia:
Depolarizes vestibular nerve fibers Increases the number of action potentials generated
Movement in the opposite direction: Hyperpolarizes vestibular nerve fibers Reduces the rate of impulse propagation
From this information, the brain is informed of the changing position of the head
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Vestibule - Sensitive to Tilting of Head Movements
(Otoconia)
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Vestibule - Sensitive to Tilting of Head Movements
3 The saccule and utricle house equilibrium receptor regions called the maculae containing hair cells.
Static Equilibrium
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Vestibule - Sensitive to Tilting of
Head Movements
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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The Semicircular Canals
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Crista Ampullaris & Keseimbangan Dinamis
Crista Ampullaris: Reseptor keseimbangan dinamis Letak: di ampulla dari masing-masing semicircular canal Berespons thdp gerakan kepala Terdapat sel-sel rambut
Setiap crista memiliki sel-sel rambut yang memanjang menjadi massa seperti gel disebut cupula
Dendrit serat saraf vestibular mengelilingi dasar sel-sel rambut
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Semicircular Canals Respond to Rotational Movements
The ampulla houses equilibrium receptors in a region called the crista ampullaris
Dynamic Equilibrium
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Semicircular Canals Respond to Rotational Movements
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Semicircular Canals Respond to Rotational Movements
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Mekanisme Reseptor Crista Ampullaris
Crista Ampullaris berespons thd perubahan kecepatan gerakan berputar dari kepala
Perubahan sel-sel rambut pada crista dapat menyebabkan: Depolarisasi impuls cepat mencapai otak pada tingkat
yang lebih cepat Hyperpolarizations impuls mencapai otak lebih lambat Hasilnya adalah bahwa otak diinformasikan gerakan rotasi
kepala
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Anatomy & Physiology of The Tongue
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SENSORI PERASA >10.000 di lidah, regenerasi setiap 5-7
hari Terdapat pada papila mukosa lidah
Filiform (KECUALI)FungiformCircumvallate
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Taste Buds
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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FISIOLOGI “RASA”BAHAN MAKANAN
DILARUTKAN DLM SALIVA
M’STIMULASI RAMBUT2 GUSTATORI
DEPOLARISASI MEMBRAN SEL RASA
MELEPASKAN NEUROTRANSMITTER
POTENSIAL AKSI
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SEL GUSTATORI
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TRANSDUKSI “RASA” STIMULASI DARI POTENSIAL AKSI
DIKONVERSIKAN MENJADI IMPULS SARAF OLEH:ASIN: Na+ influxASAM: H+ membuka cation channels
MANIS & PAHIT: Gustducin (the G protein)
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Gustatory Pathway
EPIGLOTIS&
LOWER PHARYNXTONGUE
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FAKTOR2 YANG MEMPENGARUHI “RASA” RASA: 80% “PENCIUMAN” Thermoreceptors (suhu),
mechanoreceptors (tekstur), nociceptors (pain receptors) dalam mulut
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-to form a receptacle for food-to begin mechanical digestion through chewing (mastication)-to swallow food-to form words in speech-to assist the respiratory system in the passage of air
THE FUNCTION OF THE MOUTH & ITS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:
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FASE ISTIRAHAT PROD. >>
STIMULASI PROD. >>
Produksi saliva harian pada orang yang sehat: 1-1,5 liter [Humphrey, S.P. & Williamson, R.T. (2001) dalam de Almeida, P.D.V, et
al. (2008)]
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SALIVA
Fungsi saliva:sebagai pelumasmelembabkan rongga mulutmelindungi rongga mulut dari berbagai agen
penyebab iritasi
Mucin (protein dengan kandungan karbohidrat tinggi) berkontribusi dalam: proses pelumasanperlindungan terhadap dehidrasipemeliharaan viskoelastisitas salivakontrol kolonisasi bakteri dan jamur
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SALIVA
FASE ISTIRAHAT, produksi saliva: kelenjar submandibular (65-70%) kelenjar parotid (20%) kelenjar sublingual (7-8%) kelenjar saliva minor (<10)
STIMULASI: kelenjar parotid memproduksi saliva >50% dibandingkan
kelenjar yang lain.
Stimulasi produksi saliva: Mekanik Gustatory Penciuman Stimulus farmakologi
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Anatomy & Physiology of The Nose
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Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Sense of Smell ORGAN PENGHIDU: EPITELIUM OLFAKTORIUS YANG
BERADA PADA SUPERIOR NASAL CONCHA SEL RESEPTOR OLFAKTORIUS: NEURON BIPOLAR SEL BASAL TERLETAK PADA EPITELLIUM GG. PENCIUMAN:
Anosmias, etiologi: cedera kepala merusak saraf olfaktorius, inflamasi rongga hidung & proses degenerasi
Chemical olfactory sense loss defisiensi Zinc
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Sense of Smell
Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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Marieb, E.N. (2004)
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FISIOLOGI “BAU” Olfactory receptors berbagai rangsang
bau secara kimiawi akan berikatan dgn reseptor
Proses inisiasi “G protein mechanism” cyclic AMP (cAMP) sebagai second messenger
Cyclic AMP bekerja pada membran plasma (Na+ and Ca2+ channels) depolarisasi membran reseptor potensial aksi
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Olfactory PathwayDEPOLARISASI SEL RESEPTOR
OLFAKTORIUS
MITRAL CELLS (GLOMERULAR MITRAL CELLS)
MEMPROSES STIMULUS “BAU”&
MENGIRIMKAN IMPULS
KORTEKS OLFAKTORIUS, HIPOTHALAMUS, AMYGDALA & SISTEM
LIMBIK
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Odorant binding protein
Odorant chemical
Na+
Cytoplasm
Inactive Active
Na+ influx causes depolarization
Adenylate cyclase
ATP
cAMP
Depolarization of olfactory receptor cell membrane triggers action potentials in axon of receptor
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SINUS PARA NASAL
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