Bleeding and Shock - mrlichonfacs.weebly.commrlichonfacs.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/4/6/16466334/... ·...
Transcript of Bleeding and Shock - mrlichonfacs.weebly.commrlichonfacs.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/4/6/16466334/... ·...
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Skeletal System
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Skeletal System
Adult Human has 206 Bones
This slideshow will offer fun ways to remember the names of some of the bones, and you can come up with your own tricks!
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Functions of Skeletal System
Framework—support body’s muscles, fat,
and skin
Levers—muscles attach to bones to help
provide movement
Protection of vital organs
Production of blood cells
Storage of calcium
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Skull
Cranium
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
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Skull
Face
• Maxilla (upper lip-
“Max has a
mustache”)
• Mandible
(chinbone- “my,
you have a manly
chin”)
• Zygoma
• Nasal bones
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Spinal Column
Cervical: 7 vertebrae
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae
Sacrum: 5 vertebrae
(fused)
Coccyx: 4 vertebrae
(fused)
• AKA tail bone
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Thorax: Protects heart, lungs
12 pairs of ribs
• First seven pairs are true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum
• Next five are called false ribs—the first three pairs of these attach to the cartilage of the pair above, and the last two are called “floating” because they have no attachment on the front of the body
Sternum
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Pelvis
Known as the Bony ring • Two innominate
bones, each made of 3 fused bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
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Lower Extremity
Femur (largest bone in
body)
Patella (knee cap)
Tibia (shin bone)
Fibula (if you tell a fib,
you’re “talking out of the
side of your mouth” and
this bone is on the side of
your leg)
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Lower Extremity
Calcaneous
Tarsals (think of hot
tar on your feet!)
Metatarsals (longer
word, longer bones)
Phalanges
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Upper Extremity
Shoulder girdle
• Scapula (s=shoulderblade)
• Clavicle (c=collarbone)
Humerus
Radius (put your thumb up
and say Right on!—
Radius, Right on!)
Ulna (in same position,
Ulna, Underneath)
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Upper Extremity
Carpals (they’re your
Car Pals, they help
you drive your car)
Metacarpals (longer
word, longer bones)
Phalanges
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Joints
Joining points of bones
Bone-ends covered with cartilage
Ligaments connect bone-to-bone
Inner surface of joint capsule lined
with synovial membrane
• Produces synovial fluid
• Lubricates joint
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Extremity Trauma
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Fracture Causes
Direct force
Indirect force
Twisting forces
Diseases of bones can lead to fractures
• Osteoporosis—softening of the bone
• Tumors
• With disease processes, ask “did the fall cause
the fracture or did the fracture cause the fall?”
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Open vs. Closed Fractures (fxs)
Closed (simple)= skin over fracture site
intact
Open (compound) = break in skin over
fracture site
• Bone ends do not have to be exposed
• Small opening in skin communicating with
fracture site = open fx
• Open fractures more serious due to external
blood loss, possible infection
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Fractures
•One of the most important things is to
prevent closed fractures from
becoming open ones.
•With a compound fracture be extremely
careful with the bone ends—they can
be sharp and cause a blood exposure
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Fracture Types
Greenstick: common in children, incomplete fracture
Colles: “s” shaped fracture of the radius, often due to victim trying to break a fall by outstretching his or her arms
Spiral: common in ice skating, due to twisting motion
Greenstick
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Fracture Types
Comminuted: fractured
Depressed (skull): bone sunken in
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Fracture Signs: DOTS
Deformity
Open Injury
Tenderness
Swelling
What other signs/symptoms do you think you
might see/the patient might feel?
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Fracture Signs
Swelling
Pain
Guarding (patient won’t move injury)
Crepitus
• Grating of bone ends
• May be heard or felt
• Do NOT actively seek
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Dislocation
Displacement of bones from normal
positions at joint
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Dislocation Signs and Symptoms
Deformity
Swelling around joint
Pain/tenderness in joint
Loss of motion usually perceived as
“locked” joint
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Sprains
Injury to ligaments
Bone ends NOT
displaced from normal
positions
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Sprain Signs
Tenderness
Swelling, ecchymosis
Inability to use extremity
No deformity
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Management
Splinting
• Prevents further movement at injury site
• Eases pain
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Management
It is often difficult to tell the difference
between fractures, dislocations and
sprains
When in doubt, get it checked out!
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Principles of Splinting
Do NOT move patients before splinting
unless patient is in danger
Remove clothes to allow inspection of limb
Note and record circulation, sensation,
and movement of fingers or toes distal to
injury before AND after splinting
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Principles of Splinting
Fractures: splint joint above AND below
fracture
Dislocations: splint bone above AND below
joint
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Principles of Splinting
Minimize movement
Support injury until splinting completed
Pad splint to avoid local pressure
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Arthritis
Group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints
Two main types are osteoarthritis (most common) and rheumatoid arthritis
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Bursitis
Inflammation of
the bursae
(small, fluid-
filled sacs
surrounding
the joints)
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Osteomyelitis
Bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism
Signs/symptoms include pain at the site, swelling, chills, fever
Treatment = antibiotics
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Osteoporosis
Softening of the bones
Caused by hormone deficiency,
sedentary lifestyle, and
prolonged lack of calcium in the
diet
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Osteoporosis
Prevention/Treatment: increased
intake of calcium and vitamin D,
medications to increase bone
mass, exercise, exposure to
sunlight, estrogen replacement
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Curvature of the Spinal Column
Kyphosis, scoliosis, and lordosis
Treated with therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses, and braces
Surgical repair for severe cases
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Ruptured Disk
Also called herniated or slipped
disk
Most common site is at the
lumbar-sacral area