BLANK PAGE - IAEA...p o lish in g of the s o fte r mounting m a teria l around the specim en,...

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BDX- 613-1744 (Rev.) DEVELOPMENT OF A METALLOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR TUNGSTEN-RHENIUM Final Report A. H. Rahe, Project Leader Project Team: G. E. Crabtree E. H. Stahl Published March 1978 Prepared for the United States Department of Energy Under Contract Number EY-76-C-04-0613. K a n sa s C ity Division DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

Transcript of BLANK PAGE - IAEA...p o lish in g of the s o fte r mounting m a teria l around the specim en,...

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B D X - 6 1 3 - 1 7 4 4 ( R e v . )

D E V E L O P M E N T O F A M E T A L L O G R A P H I C

M E T H O D F O R T U N G S T E N - R H E N I U M

F i n a l R e p o r t

A. H . R a h e , P r o j e c t L e a d e r

P r o j e c t T e a m :

G. E. C r a b t r e e

E. H. S t a h l

P u b l i s h e d M a r c h 1978

Prepared fo r th e United S ta tes D epartm ent o f Energy U nder C on tract N um ber E Y -7 6 -C -0 4 -0 6 1 3 .

K a n s a s C i t y D i v i s i o n

DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

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BLANK PAGE

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T h is r e p o r t was p re p a re d as an a cco u n t o f w ork sp o n s o re d by th e U n ited S t a t e s G overnm ent. N e ith e r th e U n ited S t a t e s n or th e U n ited S t a t e s D epartm ent o f E n erg y , n o r any o f t h e i r e m p lo y e e s , n or any o f t h e i r c o n t r a c t o r s , s u b c o n t r a c t o r s , o r t h e i r e m p lo y e e s , makes any w a rra n ty , e x p r e s s o r im p lie d , o r assum es any l e g a l l i a b i l i t y o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e a c c u r a c y , c o m p le te n e s s o r u s e fu ln e s s o f any in fo r m a t io n , a p p a ra tu s , p ro d u c t o r p r o c e s s d i s c l o s e d , o r r e p r e s e n t s th a t i t s u s e w ould n ot i n f r in g e p r i v a t e l y owned r i g h t s .

P r in t e d in th e U n ited S t a t e s o f A m erica

A v a i la b le From th e N a t io n a l T e c h n ic a l In fo r m a t io n S e r v i c e , U .S . D epartm ent o f Commerce, 5285 P o r t R oy a l R oad, S p r i n g f i e l d , V i r g in ia 22161 .

P r i c e : M ic r o f i c h e $ 3 .0 0P aper Copy $ 4 .0 0

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B D X -6 1 3 -1 7 4 4 ( R e v . )D i s t r i b u t i o n C a te g o ry U C -2 5

Communications Services

DEVELOPMENT OF A METALLOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR TUNGSTEN-RHENIUM

P u b lis h e d March 1978

P r o je c t L ead er :A . H. Rahe D epartm ent 812

P r o je c t Team:G. E. C ra b tre e E. H. S ta h l

F in a l R ep ort

— n o t ic e -. mMi(4 u «r account of Iw “ «Su«i OoT.mmci. WH" *'»pon*oredby«eumwo Oepatmw' ot

United SUM. "or ihe Umtt* ^ rf ̂

sasT<* ««fuln® of tny infonrata> .J* ,pfoceit d'jdmtd. «i *“ "* “InfifcSt mMdy owntd rtBhu._________________ I

B e n d i x ^ K a n s a s C i t y D i v i s i o n

DISTRIBUTION QF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

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D E V E L O P M E N T O F A M E T A L L O G R A P H I C M E T H O D F O R T U N G S T E N - R H E N I U M

B D X - 6 1 3 - 1 7 4 4 ( R e v . ) , U N C L A S S I F I E D F i n a l R e p o r t , P u b l i s h e d M a r c h 1978

P r e p a r e d b y A. H. R a h e , D / 8 1 2

A m e t a l l o g r a p h i c m e t h o d w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r c h e m i c a l v a p o r d e p o s i t e d

t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m a l l o y s c o n s i s t i n g o f a t w o - p h a s e s t r u c t u r e o f

3 s o l i d s o l u t i o n a n d a f i n e l y d i s p e r s e d A - 1 5 o r f e d e r i t e p h a s e .

T h i s m e t h o d p r o v i d e s f a s t a n d r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e s t r u c t u r e

a n d c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e C V D d e p o s i t .

W P C - b a b

This report vu?s orepared as an account of work sponsored by the United Storceu Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

The Bendix Corporation Kansas City Division P.O. Box 1159 Kansas City, Missouri 64141

A prime contractor with the United States Department of Energy under Contract Number EY-76-C-04-0613

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CONTENTS

SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. 5

DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 6

SCOPE AND PURPOSE.......................................................................................... 6

PRIOR WORK........................................................................................................ 6

ACTIVITY ............................................................................................................. 6

P o l is h in g D eve lop m en t........................................................................... 6

E tch in g CVD Tungsten-R henium ....................................................... 9

I n t e r f e r e n c e C o n tra s t M ic r o s c o p y ............................................. 9

C ore M e t a l l o g r a p h y ................................................................................ 11

S t r u c t u r e and C om p os ition A n a ly s is ........................................... 11

ACCOMPLISHMENTS.............................................................................................. 12

FUTURE WORK............................................. ........................................................... 14

REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 15

DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................ 16

S e c t io n Page

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ILLUSTRATIONS

1 P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f a V i b r a t o r y P o l i s h e d

S p e c i m e n o f a C V D T u n g s t e n - 2 5 w / o R h e n i u m S h o w i n g E d g e R e t e n t i o n o n V i b r a t o r y P o l i s h e d

S u r f a c e (1 25X ) .......................................... 8

2 F e d e r i t e S t r u c t u r e R e v e a l e d i n C V D T u n g s t e n - 2 5w / o R h e n i u m A l l o y b y E t c h i n g W i t h 30 P e r c e n t

H y d r o g e n P e r o x i d e ( 10 0 0 X ) ........................... 10

3 F e d e r i t e S t r u c t u r e R e v e a l e d i n C V D T u n g s t e n - 2 5w / o R h e n i u m A l l o y b y E l e c t r o e t c h i n g in

H g S O ^ - H F - M e t h a n o l R e a g e n t ( 1 0 0 0 X ) ............... 10

4 T Z M H o l d e r C o n t a i n i n g a T u n g s t e n - R h e n i u m

C o r e ( 1 25X ) ................................................ 12

5 E l e c t r o n M i c r o p r o b e A n a l y s i s o f R h e n i u m

C o n t e n t a n d P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f A s - D e p o s i t e d

T u n g s t e n - R h e n i u m M i c r o s t r u c t u r e .................. 13

F ig u r e Page

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SUMMARY

Work has been c o n d u cte d t o e s t a b l i s h a s im p le and r e l i a b l e m e t a l lo g r a p h ic p r o c e d u r e t o p r e p a r e c h e m ic a l v a p o r d e p o s i t e d tu n g s te n -rh e n iu m a l l o y s f o r o p t i c a l m e ta llo g r a p h y and e l e c t r o n m ic r o p r o b e a n a ly s i s . Q u a l i t y m e ta llo g r a p h y and r e l i a b l e m ic r o ­p r o b e a n a ly s e s o f th e a s - p l a t e d d e p o s i t a r e r e q u ir e d t o s e l e c t optim um p l a t in g c o n d i t i o n s t o d e p o s i t t u n g s te n -2 5 w /o rhenium a l l o y w ith a f i n e l y d is p e r s e d f e d e r i t e p h a se .

The p r o c e d u r e e s t a b l i s h e d c o n s i s t s o f m ou n tin g and rou gh g r in d in g tu n g s te n -r h e n iu m s p e c im e n s , f o l l o w e d by v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g f i r s t w ith di-.m ond a b r a s iv e on n y lo n and th en w ith a lu m in a a b r a s iv e on m i c r o c l o t h . The p o l i s h e d sp e c im e n s a r e c h e m ic a l ly e t c h e d w ith 3 0 -p e r c e n t h yd rogen p e r o x id e t o r e v e a l th e m ic r o s t r u c t u r e . F la t s u r f a c e s and e x c e l l e n t s t r u c t u r a l d e t a i l o f th e f e d e r i t e p h a se a re o b t a in e d w ith t h i s m e t a l lo g r a p h ic m eth od . In a d d i t i o n , t h i s m ethod i s a p p l i c a b l e t o p r e p a r in g s m a ll 0 .38-m m d ia m e te r c o r e sa m p les o b t a in e d by c o r e d r i l l i n g . A TZM h o ld e r was d e s ig n e d t o h o ld th e c o r e s in t h e i r m ounts th ro u g h th e g r in d in g , v ib r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g , and m e t a l l u r g i c a l a n a ly z in g p r o c e s s e s . M ic ro p ro b e a n a ly s i s o f th e m ounted sam ple i s made p r i o r t o c h e m ic a l e t c h in g .

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DISCUSSION

T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s p r o j e c t w a s t o e s t a b l i s h a f a s t a n d r e l i a b l e p r o c e d u r e f o r o b t a i n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o p r o b e a n d o p t i c a l m e t a l l o ­

g r a p h y d a t a f r o m c h e m i c a l v a p o r d e p o s i t e d ( C V D ) t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m a l l o y d e p o s i t s . T h i s d a t a i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e p l a t i n g

p a r a m e t e r s f o r p r o d u c i n g t u n g s t e n - 2 5 w / o r h e n i u m d e p o s i t s w i t h t h e d e s i r e d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e . T h i s w o r k w a s d o n e d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d

J a n u a r y t o J u l y , 1 9 7 6 .

SCOPE AND PURPOSE

P R I O R W O R K

I n i t i a l C V D t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m d e v e l o p m e n t a c t i v i t y h a s c o n c e n t r a t e d

o n s e l e c t i n g o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r d e p o s i t i n g a 25 w / o r h e n i u m

a l l o y c o n t a i n i n g a f i n e l y d i s p e r s e d f e d e r i t e p h a s e ( m e t a s t a b l e

A - 1 5 p h a s e ) i n t h e t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m s o l i d s o l u t i o n . T h e t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m d e p o s i t s h a v e b e e n s e c t i o n e d , m e t a l l o g r a p h i c a l l y p r e p a r e d ,

a n d t h e n a n a l y z e d w i t h e l e c t r o n m i c r o p r o b e a n d o p t i c a l m e t a l l o g r a p h y

t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a l l o y c o m p o s i t i o n a n d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e . A p r o c e d u r e

w a s u s e d w h i c h h a d p r e v i o u s l y p r o v e d t o b e a s a t i s f a c t o r y m e t h o d f o r t u n g s t e n . 1 It c o n s i s t e d o f m o u n t i n g a n d g r i n d i n g a s e c t i o n e d

d e p o s i t w i t h 600 g r i t s i l i c o n c a r b i d e , f o l l o w e d b y e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g

i n a 2 - p e r c e n t s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n a n d e t c h i n g w i t h a M u r a k a m i p o t a s s i u m f e r r i c c y a n i d e r e a g e n t . H o w e v e r , t h i s m e t h o d

p r o v e d t o b e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r C V D t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m d e p o s i t s .

T h e p o l i s h e d s u r f a c e s w e r e n o t f l a t a n d t h e M u r a k a m i e t c h a n t

p r e f e r e n t i a l l y e t c h e d t h e f e d e r i t e p h a s e r e s u l t i n g i n a n o v e r e t c h e d a p p e a r a n c e .

A t L a w r e n c e L i v e r m o r e L a b o r a t o r i e s , C V D t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m s p e c i m e n s a r e p r e p a r e d b y f o l l o w i n g t h e 600 g r i t g r i n d i n g s t e p m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e w i t h v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g o f t h e s p e c i m e n s w i t h 1 -jum d i a m o n d f o r 24 h o u r s a n d t h e n w i t h 0 .05-jum a l u m i n a f o r a n a d d i t i o n a l

h o u r . T h e e t c h a n t u s e d a t L L L i s a m i x t u r e o f 2 p a r t s s a t u r a t e d

c o p p e r s u l f a t e a n d 1 p a r t c o n c e n t r a t e d a m m o n i u m h y d r o x i d e .

A C T I V I T Y

P o l i s h i n g D e v e l o p m e n t

B o t h e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g a n d v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d

f o r p o l i s h i n g C V D t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m m e t a l i o g r a p h i c s p e c i m e n s .

S p e c i m e n s w e r e m o u n t e d i n c l e a r e p o x y . I n e a c h c a s e , p o l i s h i n g

f o l l o w e d g r i n d i n g o f t h e s p e c i m e n s w i t h 320 a n d t h e n 600 g r i t

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s i l i c o n c a r b i d e p a p e r . E x c e l l e n t p o l i s h e d s u r f a c e s c o u l d b e o b ­

t a i n e d w i t h e i t h e r m e t h o d ; h o w e v e r , v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g w a s s i m p l e r a n d l e s s o p e r a t o r d e p e n d e n t t h a n e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g . In

a d d i t i o n , e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g t e n d e d t o r o u n d t h e e d g e s o f t h e

m o u n t e d s p e c i m e n s . T h i s e d g e r o u n d i n g w a s p r i m a r i l y d u e t o t h e

m o u n t i n g m e d i a h a v i n g a f a s t e r w e a r r a t e t h a n t h e t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m , c a u s i n g t h e s p e c i m e n t o e x t e n d s l i g h t l y a b o v e t h e m o u n t

s u r f a c e a f t e r r o u g h g r i n d i n g . W h e n p o l i s h e d , t h e s h a r p e d g e s o f

t h e s p e c i m e n h a d a h i g h e r c u r r e n t d e n s i t y t h a n t h e s p e c i m e n

s u r f a c e , r e s u l t i n g in h i g h e r m e t a l r e m o v a l r a t e s . A h a r d e r m o u n t i n g m a t e r i a l o r t h e u s e o f a n i n t e r m e d i a t e d i a m o n d p o l i s h i n g

s t e p t o s h o r t e n t h e e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g t i m e m i g h t h a v e e l i m i n a t e d

o r r e d u c e d t h e e d g e r o u n d i n g , b u t becaxise o f t h e v i b r a t o r y p o l ­

i s h i n g s u c c e s s t h e s e a p p r o a c h e s w e r e n o t i n v e s t i g a t e d .

T h e e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g s t u d y w a s m a d e w i t h a n a q u e o u s e l e c t r o l y t e c o m p o s e d o f 5 p e r c e n t s u l f u r i c a c i d ( H 2 S O 4 ) a n d 1 . 2 5 p e r c e n t

h y d r o f l u o r i c a c i d ( H F ) i n m e t h a n o l . 2 N o n e o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l a l k a l i n e e l e c t r o l y t e s f o r t u n g s t e n a n d i t s a l l o y s 1 w e r e e v a l u a t e d

s i n c e t h e p r e v i o u s e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g o f C V D t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m i n

2 - p e r c e n t s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e h a d n o t b e e n s a t i s f a c t o r y . P o l i s h i n g

o n e a c h s p e c i m e n w a s r e s t r i c t e d t o a 2 4 - m m 2 a r e a b y c o v e r i n g t h e

p r e v i o u s l y g r o u n d s u r f a c e w i t h a s t r i p o f c h e m i c a l r e s i s t a n t t a p e

w h i c h h a d a 5 .5- m m - d i a m e t e r h o l e p u n c h e d i n it. T h e m o u n t e d

s p e c i m e n w a s p l a c e d w i t h t h e e x p o s e d a r e a u p in a 2 5 0 - m l b e a k e r o f t h e H 2 SC>4 - H F - m e t h a n o l m i x t u r e a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d a g i t a t e d

w i t h a m a g n e t i c s t i r r e r . A s t a i n l e s s s t e e l b r a c k e t u s e d t o h o l d

t h e m o u n t s e r v e d a s t h e c a t h o d e w h i l e t h e a n o d e c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e s p e c i m e n w a s m a d e b y t o u c h i n g t h e e x p o s e d s p e c i m e n a r e a w i t h

a p r o b e .

P o l i s h i n g w a s a c h i e v e d w i t h a d c v o l t a g e a r o u n d 20 v o l t s f o r 60 t o 90 m i n u t e s . T h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e s u r f a c e s w a s d e p e n d e n t u p o n

o p e r a t o r c o n t r o l a s l o n g p o l i s h i n g t i m e s r e s u l t e d i n u n e v e n

p o l i s h i n g a n d a l o w v o l t a g e r e s u l t e d i n o v e r e t c h i n g .

T h e v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g m e t h o d c o n s i s t e d o f p o l i s h i n g t h e p r e ­v i o u s l y g r o u n d s p e c i m e n i n a v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g m a c h i n e f o r 16 t o 24 h o u r s o n n y l o n c l o t h u s i n g d i a m o n d a b r a s i v e a n d J o h n

C r a n e l a p p i n g o i l ( C r a n e P a c k i n g C o m p a n y , M o r t o n G l o v e , I l l i n o i s ) . T h i s s t e p w a s f o l l o w e d w i t h a v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h f o r o n e h o u r u s i n g m i c r o c l o t h (A. B. B u e h l e r L i m i t e d , E v a n s t o n , I l l i n o i s ) a n d 0 . 0 5 (jm

A I 2 O 3 ( L i n d e B ) ( U n i o n C a r b i d e , E a s t C h i c a g o , I n d i a n a ) a b r a s i v e w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r . D u r i n g b o t h s t e p s , a 3 50 - g w e i g h t w a s p l a c e d o n t h e s p e c i m e n t o h e l p i t s m o t i o n o n t h e p o l i s h i n g c l o t h

a n d p r o v i d e g o o d p o l i s h i n g a c t i o n . T h e p o l i s h e d s p e c i m e n s s h o w e d e x c e l l e n t e d g e r e t e n t i o n a n d s t r u c t u r e r e l i e f b e t w e e n t h e

f e d e r i t e a n d s o l i d s o l u t i o n p h a s e s ( F i g u r e 1 ). M i c r o s t r u c t u r a l d e t a i l s c a n t h e n b e r e v e a l e d b y l i g h t l y e t c h i n g t h e p o l i s h e d

s u r f a c e .

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F i g u r e 1 . P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f a V i b r a t o r y P o l i s h e dS p e c i m e n o f a CVD T u n g s t e n - 2 5 w / o R h e n i u m S h o w i n g E d g e R e t e n t i o n o n V i b r a t o r y P o l i s h e d S u r f a c e ( P o l i s h i n g c o n d i t i o n s w e r e 1 jim d i a m o n d o n n y l o n f o r 1 6 h o u r s , f o l l o w e d w i t h 0 . 0 5 n m a l u m i n a o n m i c r o c l o t h f o r 3 0 m i n u t e s . ) ( 1 2 5 X )

S e v e r a l v a r i a t i o n s t o t h e v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g p r o c e s s w e r e e v a l u ­a t e d . A l o w v i s c o s i t y l a p p i n g l u b r i c a n t w a s t r i e d i n p l a c e o f t h e J o h n C r a n e o i l . T h i s l u b r i c a n t r e s u l t e d i n t h e c l o t h b e c o m i n g gu m m y , c a u s i n g p o o r p o l i s h i n g a c t i o n . D u r c l o t h ( S t r u e r s S c i e n t i f i c I n s t r u m e n t s ; O l s e n S c i e n t i f i c I n s t r u m e n t s , L o n g I s l a n d , New Y o r k ) , a s y n t h e t i c m a t e r i a l a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d f o r d i a m o n d p o l i s h i n g , w a s t r i e d i n s t e a d o f n y l o n . H o w e v e r , n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n p o l i s h i n g b e t w e e n t h e t w o t y p e s o f c l o t h w a s o b s e r v e d . B o t h p r o v i d e d a b o u t t h e s a m e r e m o v a l r a t e o f 0 . 2 5 Atm p e r h o u r , w h i c h w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f h a i d n e s s i m p r e s s i o n s . 3 T h e o n l y p r o b l e m w h i c h w a s e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h t h e v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h i n g m e t h o d w a s a t e n d e n c y o f a m o u n t c o n t a i n i n g a t h i n t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m s p e c i m e n t o p o l i s h a l o n g o n l y o n e e d g e o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n . T h i s w a s p r i m a r i l y d u e t o r e l i e f p o l i s h i n g o f t h e s o f t e r m o u n t i n g m a t e r i a l a r o u n d t h e s p e c i m e n , c a u s i n g t h e m o u n t t o p i v o t o n o n e e d g e . T h e p r o b l e m w a s e l i m i n a t e d b y m o u n t i n g a 1 5 - m m - d i a m e t e r c i r c l e o f 0 . 2 5 - m m t u n g s t e n w i r e a r o u n d t h e s p e c i m e n . D u r i n g p o l i s h i n g , t h e w i r e r i n g p r e v e n t s t h e m o u n t f r o m r o c k i n g , k e e p i n g t h e s u r f a c e f l a t a c r o s s t h e s p e c i m e n .

8

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In g e n e r a l , th e o n ly o p e r a t o r re q u ire m e n ts w ith v ib r a t o r y p o l ­i s h in g a re k e e p in g th e p o l i s h in g c l o t h s c le a n , lu b r i c a t e d , and ch a rg e d w ith a b r a s iv e s . The n y lon c l o t h sh o u ld be ch a rg ed w ith diam ond e v e r y 6 t o 8 h ou rs t o in s u re co n t in u o u s p o l i s h in g . The diam ond p o l i s h in g may a l s o be run o v e r n ig h t p r o v id e d th e c l o t h i s ch a rg e d p r i o r t o le a v in g th e se tu p u n a tte n d e d . When u sed d a i l y , th e n y lo n c l o t h sh o u ld b e r e p la c e d abou t e v e ry 2 w eeks. The p o l i s h in g t im e s a re n o t c r i t i c a l , b u t th e alum ina p o l i s h sh o u ld n o t l a s t more than 2 h o u rs . P o l is h in g t o o lo n g in t h i s l a s t s te p c a u s e s th e f e d e r i t e ph ase t o be p u l le d ou t o f th e p o l is h e d s u r f a c e .

E tch in g CVD Tungsten-R henium

V a r io u s ch e m ica l e t c h a n ts and e l e c t r o l y t i c e t c h in g w ith a H2SO4-H F- m eth an ol m ix tu re w ere e v a lu a te d f o r r e v e a l in g th e m ic r o s t r u c t u r e in th e CVD tu n g sten -rh en iu m p o l is h e d sp e c im e n s . Of p a r t i c u la r i n t e r e s t was th e f e d e r i t e ph ase d is c u s s e d p r e v io u s ly . The ch e m ica l e t c h a n ts in c lu d e d th e Murakami p ota ss iu m f e r r i c c y a n id e (K3F e[C N ]6) r e a g e n t , 1 a 2 -p a r t s a tu r a te d co p p e r s u l f a t e (CUSO4 ) and 1 -p a r t c o n c e n tr a te d ammonium h y d r o x id e (NH4OH) m ix t u r e ,1* and a 3 0 -p e r c e n t h yd rogen p e r o x id e (H2O2 ) s o l u t i o n . 5 B oth th e Murakami and th e CUSO4-NH4OH m ix tu re ap p eared t o p r e f e r e n t i a l l y e t c h th e f e d e r i t e p h ase and o f t e n r e s u l t e d in o v e r e tc h e d m ic r o s t r u c t u r e s . E tch in g w ith H2O2 , h ow ever, was s im p le r t o c o n t r o l and was e f f e c t i v e in b r in g in g ou t th e f e d e r i t e p h a se . T h is e t c h in g m ethod c o n s i s t e d o f subm erging th e m ounted specim en in a b e a k e r o f th e H2O2 s o lu t i o n f o r 15 t o 20 s e c o n d s . F ig u re 2 shows th e f e d e r i t e s t r u c t u r e in a W-25 w /o Re d e p o s i t e tc h e d f o r 20 se co n d s w ith 30 p e r c e n t h ydrogen p e r o x id e .

The c o m p o s it io n o f th e e l e c t r o l y t e u sed f o r e l e c t r o l y t i c e t c h in g was th e same as th a t u sed in th e e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g s tu d y . The o p e r a t in g p r o c e d u r e s and th e e l e c t r o l y t i c c e l l w ere a l s o th e same. E tch in g a t a v o l t a g e o f l e s s than 1 v o l t f o r 5 t o 10 s e c ­onds b rou g h t o u t th e m ic r o s t r u c t u r e in th e CVD tu n g sten -rh en iu m a l l o y (F ig u r e 3 ) . A m a jor d isa d v a n ta g e o f t h i s e l e c t r o e t c h i n g m ethod , h ow ever, i s th a t an e l e c t r i c a l c o n t a c t must be made w ith th e sp ec im en . On th e sm a ll c o r e sp ecim en s rem oved from W-Re d e v ic e hardw are, an e l e c t r i c a l c o n n e c t io n i s d i f f i c u l t t o a c h ie v e and ch e m ica l e t c h in g i s much e a s ie r .

I n t e r f e r e n c e C o n tr a s t M icro sco p y

D i f f e r e n t i a l - i n t e r f e r e n c e - c o n t r a s t (D IC ) m ic r o s c o p y was e v a lu a te d as a te c h n iq u e f o r en h an cin g th e d e t a i l s o f th e e t c h e d m ic r o ­s t r u c t u r e . T h is c a p a b i l i t y i s a v a i la b le on b o th B ausch & Lomb R esea rch I I and Z e is s U ltra p h o t m e ta llo g r a p h s w hich a re u sed at B en d ix f o r o p t i c a l m e ta llo g r a p h y . No s i g n i f i c a n t im provem ent was o b ta in e d w ith t h i s te c h n iq u e .

9

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FEDERITE

F i g u r e 2 . F e d e r i t e S t r u c t u r e R e v e a l e d i n CVD T u n g s t e n -2 5 w / o R h e n i u m A l l o y b y E t c h i n g W i t h 3 0 P e r c e n t H y d r o g e n P e r o x i d e ( E t c h i n g t i m e w a s 2 0 M i n u t e s . ) ( 1 0 0 0 X )

FEDERITE

F i g u r e 3 . F e d e r i t e S t r u c t u r e R e v e a l e d i n CVD T u n g s t e n - 2 5 w / o R h e n i u m A l l o y b y E l e c t r o e t c h i n g i n Ii2 S 0 4 - I I F - M e t h a n o l R e a g e n t ( E l e c t r o l y t i c e t c h i n g c o n d i t i o n s w e r e 1 v o l t p o t e n t i a l f o r 1 0 s e c o n d s . ) ( 1 0 0 0 X )

■*i ̂ . *, -n.. » V *%. tfi

10

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C o re M e ta llo g ra p h y

A p ro c e s s was d e v e lo p e d f o r m ounting and p o l i s h in g 0 .4 3 -m m - d ia m eter by 0 .6 4 -m m -lo n g c o r e sam ples o f CVD t u n g s te n -r h e n iu m . T hese c o r e sam ples a r e rem ov ed from d e p o s it s d u r in g t h e p r o c ­e s s in g o f d e v ic e h a rd w a re and can be used f o r m ic r o p r o b e and m ic r o s t r u c tu r a l a n a l y s i s . M ounting o f a c o r e i s a c h ie v e d b y su p p o r tin g and o r i e n t i n g i t in a mount w ith a TZM h o l d e r . The h o ld e r c o n s is t s o f a 6 .2 -m m -lo n g by 6 .2 -m m -d ia m eter TZM r o d w ith a 3.8-mm f l a t m a ch in ed a l o n g i t s le n g th . A 0 . 5 -m m -d ia m eter by1 .1 -m m -long h o le i s d r i l l e d in t o one end o f th e h o ld e r p a r a l l e l t o i t s a x is and 0 .5 mm fr o m th e c e n te r l in e o f th e f l a t . The c o r e i s then p o t t e d i n t h e d r i l l e d h o le w ith th e c o r e a x i s ( p la t in g d i r e c t i o n ) p a r a l l e l w ith th e a x is o f th e h o l e . T ra p p ed a i r bu bb les a re rem o v e d fr o m th e epoxy by vacuum e v a c u a t i o n . The h o ld e r i s then m ou n ted i n a 25-m m -diam eter c l e a r e p o x y m ount and s o o r ie n te d th a t t h e m a c h in e d f l a t on th e h o ld e r i s c o n t a i n e d in on e o f th e mount f a c e s . T h is s u r fa c e i s then m e c h a n ic a l ly grou n d w ith 600 g r i t s i l i c o n c a r b i d e u n t i l a lo n g i t u d in a l s e c t i o n h a s b een ground s e v e r a l m ic r o m e t e r s deep in t o th e c o r e .

By g r in d in g p a r a l l e l t o t h e f l a t on th e h o ld e r , th e c o r e s e c t i o n rem ains p a r a l le l t o t h e p l a t i n g d i r e c t i o n . The g r in d in g o p e r a ­t i o n i s fo l lo w e d b y v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h in g w ith l-/im d iam on d and th en 0.05-pim a lu m in a a s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r ib e d .

The TZM h old er p r o v i d e s a l a r g e r m eta l s u r fa c e a re a t o b e p o l ­is h e d than i s a v a i l a b l e w i t h th e c o r e a lo n e . T h is r e d u c e s t h e ch a n ce o f a c c i d e n t a l l y g r i n d i n g co m p le te ly th rou g h t h e c o r e o r g r in d in g away t o o m uch m a t e r i a l and a llo w in g th e c o r e t o f a l l ou t o f th e mount. The s u r f a c e and ed ges o f th e c o r e s e c t i o n a r e a ls o m ain ta in ed f l a t d u r in g p o l i s h i n g due t o th e h o ld e r s u r f a c e around th e c o r e . F ig u re 4 sh o w s a ph otogra p h o f a TZM h o ld e r c o n t a in in g an e tch ed tu n g s te n -r h e n iu m c o r e .

A 1 0 - t o 20-nm c a r b o n l a y e r i s d e p o s it e d on ea ch p o l i s h e d m ount t o p rov id e a c o n d u c t iv e s u r f a c e d u rin g e le c t r o n m ic r o p r o b e a n a ly s is . W ith ou t t h e l a y e r , an e l e c t r i c a l ch a rg e b u i l d s up on th e n on con d u ctive e p o x y , c a u s in g th e m icro p ro b e beam t o d r i f t n ea r the co re e d g e s a n d g i v e in c o r r e c t r e a d in g s . E f f e c t s o f th e ca rb on d e p o s it on t h e r e s u l t s w ere e v a lu a te d w ith a t u n g s t e n -2 5 w /o rhenium w ire s p e c im e n m ounted in ep ox y . No beam d r i f t i n g n ea r the edges o r any n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s due t o th e c a r b o n l a y e r w ere in d ic a te d . F o l l o w i n g th e m icrop rob e a n a ly s i s , e a c h c o r e mount i s r e p o l is h e d t o re m o v e th e carbon la y e r . D iam ond pyram id h ardn ess m easurem ents a r e ta k e n a c r o s s th e c o r e s e c t i o n and i t i s th en etch ed f o r o p t i c a l m e ta llo g r a p h y .

S tru c tu r e and C o m p o s i t io n A n a ly s is

In o rd e r to o p t im iz e CVD p l a t i n g p r o c e s s e s , a lm ost e v e r y d e p o s i t must be an alyzed f o r a l l o y c o m p o s it io n and s t r u c t u r e . I t i s

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F i g u r e 4 . T Z M H o l d e r C o n t a i n i n g a

T u n g s t e n - R h e n i u m C o r e ( 125X)

i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e s a m p l e s b e p r e p a r e d b y a r e l i a b l e a n d r e ­

p e a t a b l e m e t h o d t o i n s u r e r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s . It i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t

t h a t q u i c k t u r n a r o u n d o n t h e a n a l y s e s i s a c h i e v e d b e c a u s e m a n y

t i m e s t h e n e x t p l a t i n g r u n c a n n o t b e g i n u n t i l r e s u l t s f r o m t h e

p r e v i o u s r u n h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d . T h e m e t a l l o g r a p h i c p r o c e d u r e

d e v e l o p e d o n t h i s p r o j e c t d o e s b o t h . I t p e r m i t s r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s

to b e o b t a i n e d w i t h i n t w o d a y s a f t e r a p l a t i n g r u n . F i g u r e 5 i s

an e x a m p l e o f t h e t y p e o f d a t a o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h i s p r o c e d u r e .

T h i s f i g u r e s h o w s t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e o f a C V D d e p o s i t s u p e r ­

i m p o s e d o n a m i c r o p r o b e t r a c e o f t h e r h e n i u m c o m p o s i t i o n a c r o s s

t h e d e p o s i t .

A C C O M P L I S H M E N T S

A s i m p l e a n d r e l i a b l e m e t a l l o g r a p h i c p r o c e d u r e t o p r e p a r e C V D

t u n g s t e n - r h e n i u m a l l o y s p e c i m e n s f o r o p t i c a l m e t a l l o g r a p h y a n d

12

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RHENIUM

CONTENT

- WT.

PERCENT

F i g u r e 5 . E l e c t r o n M i c r o p r o b e A n a l y s i s o f R h e n i u m C o n t e n t a n d P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o fA s - D e p o s i t e d T u n g s t e n - R i i e n i u m M i c r o s t r u c t u r e ( D e p o s i t s p e c i m e n w a s v i b r a t o r y p o l i s h e d a n d t h e n e t c h e d w i t h M u r a k a m i f e r r i c c y a n i d e r e a g e n t . 1 )

CO

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e l e c t r o n m i c r o p r o b e a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . T h i s p r o ­

c e d u r e is a l s o a p p l i c a b l e f o r p r e p a r i n g 0 . 3 8 m m d i a m e t e r c o r e

s a m p l e s u s i n g a s p e c i a l l y d e v e l o p e d m e t h o d f o r h o l d i n g t h e c o r e i n t h e m o u n t . T h i s p r o c e d u r e p r o v i d e s u s w i t h a c a p a b i l i t y t o

s a m p l e a n d m e t a l l o g r a p h i c a l l y a n a l y z e C V D W - R e d e p o s i t s w i t h i n

t w o d a y s f r o m t h e t i m e t h e p a r t w a s p l a t e d .

F U T U R E W O R K

N o a d d i t i o n a l w o r k is p l a n n e d .

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REFERENCES

' M e t a l s H a n d b o o k , 8 t h E d i t i o n , V o l u m e 8 , M e t a l s P a r k , O h i o :A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M e t a l s , 1 9 7 3 , p p 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 .

2F . R. C o r t e s , " E l e c t r o l y t i c P o l i s h i n g o f R e f r a c t o r y M e t a l s , "M e t a l P r o g r e s s ( A u g u s t , 1 9 6 1 ) pp 9 7 - 1 0 0 .

3H a n s E c h a r t E x n e r a n d Kuhn K a r i n , " I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e R a t e o f R e m o v a l o f M a t e r i a l b y D i a m o n d P o l i s h i n g , ' - F v a k t i s a h e M e t a l l o g r a p h y ,

V o l . 8 ( A u g u s t 1 9 7 1 ) , pp 4 5 3 - 4 6 9 .

‘‘ T . M i l l n e r a nd L . S a s s , " A New M e t h o d o f P o l i s h i n g a nd E t c h i n g f o r T u n g s t e n a n d M o l y b d e n u m , " A l u m i n u m ( B u d a p e s t ) V o l . 5 ( 1 9 5 3 ) p 2 1 4 . A l s o H e n r y B r u t c h e r T r a n s l a t i o n 3 2 8 1 .

5J . M. D i c k i n s o n , " P o l i s h i n g H a r d M e t a l s E l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l l y , "M e t a l P r o g r e s s ( O c t . 1 9 5 8 ) pp 1 4 2 - 1 4 4 .

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D E V E L O P M E N T O F A M E T A L L O G R A P H I C M E T H O D F O R

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D E V E L O P M E N T O F A M E T A L L O G R A P H I C M E T H O D F O R

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