The impact of stocking density and dietary carbon sources ...
Black carbon sources & climate impacts1 Black carbon sources & climate impacts Tami C. Bond...
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Black carbon sources & climate impactsBlack carbon sources & climate impacts
Tami C. BondTami C. BondDepartment of Civil & Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Illinois at UrbanaUniversity of Illinois at [email protected]@illinois.edu
Photo: NASA
Black Carbon, Climate, and Air Quality Lunch BriefingWashington, DCApril 29, 2010
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Black carbon is an unusual particle.Black carbon is an unusual particle.
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Scattering particle
Light is reflected away from Earth--
COOLING
Absorbingparticle
Light is absorbed and turned into heat –
WARMING
Almost everything that
is not BCe.g.
sulfates &organic carbon
It looks like thisunder a very strong
microscope
Li et al, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D13), 8484, 10.1029/2002jd002310, 2004.
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Black carbon powerful, immediate warmingCO2 long, slow warmingBlack carbon powerful, immediate warmingCO2 long, slow warming
1500 W
1 g BC (1/25 oz or ½ dime ) = space heater for 1 week7 pounds CO2 = 1 small bulb for 100 years
Both come from an old diesel truck driving 2 miles
1/3 gallon
1 W
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Climate impact = mix of emitted pollutantsClimate impact = mix of emitted pollutants
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Black carbon
Reflectingparticles
Cooling clouds usually increase when
particles are added(but not always)
Some sources of black carbon may
produce net cooling.
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Global sources of black carbonGlobal sources of black carbon
Year 2000 estimates (Bond et al., GBC 2007 + van der Werf, 2006 + updates for IPCC AR5)
~8800(short) tons/yr
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United States: 5% of globalUnited States: 5% of global
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~460(short) tons/yr
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Black carbon sources by latitudeBlack carbon sources by latitude
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10
0102030405060708090
BC emissions (Gg/year)
Latit
ude
All longitudes, BC
PowerIndustryRes fossil fuelRes biofuelTransportationCrop wasteOpen burning
North of 40ºNMay travel
directly to Arctic
S of 40ºNAffects
atmosphericwarming
Photo credits: guardian.co.uk (above), V. Ramanathan (below)
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Black carbon’s impacts are complexBlack carbon’s impacts are complex
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Atmosphere(“direct”)
Clouds(indirect)
Snow/ice
Warms atmosphere, cools
ground
More or fewer cloud droplets, more clouds
Melts snow
Where? Main change Also
Alters rainfall
Exposes surface, accelerates melt
Suppresses vertical motion, increases clouds
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Global average impactGlobal average impact
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methaneAll
otherAccumulating,
growing in magnitude
Clouds have been apportioned by mass of aerosol emissions, a very crude approximation that is not sanctioned by IPCC.
Source: IPCC AR4 – gases, sulfate, and cloud total; BC + cloud apportionment – own analysis
Some BC sources also emit sulfate, but major sulfate
sources emit little BC
Lifetime: Years
Lifetime: Days
Looks small, but has triple whammy with
melting
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Both emission and impact have “hot spots”Both emission and impact have “hot spots”
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Black carbon emission, year 2000Includes energy-related & open
Bond et al., Glob Biogeochem Cyc, 21, GB2018Units: ng/m3/sec
Black carbon distributionKoch et al., Atmos Chem Phys, 9, 9026
Units: ng/m3
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Mitigation potentialMitigation potential
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Diesel
Res. wood
Res. coal
Industry
Agri. Burn
Open Burn
STRONG
STRONG-MOD
OPEN QNS
OPEN QNS
OPEN QNS
Feasiblealternatives?
YES
QUESTIONABLE
HIGH
Reduce atmos.
warming?
Some rgnsdeposit to Arctic?*
HIGH
PROBABLE
MAYBE
HIGH
OPEN QNS
HIGH IN PIPELINE
IN PIPELINE
SOME
Implemen-tation?
CHALLENGING
NEED PUSH
NEED PUSH
NEED PUSH
* Confidence applies to some emitting regions; other emissions may not transport
MANY
YES