Black Carbon Curriculum Lesson 1: Black Carbon Rev 10A Kali Basman, Jessa Ellenburg and John Birks.
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Transcript of Black Carbon Curriculum Lesson 1: Black Carbon Rev 10A Kali Basman, Jessa Ellenburg and John Birks.
Black Carbon Curriculum
Lesson 1:Black Carbon
Rev 10AKali Basman, Jessa Ellenburg and John Birks
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
• Define and describe Black Carbon.• Explain the main Impacts and Effects of Black
Carbon.• Identify Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Black
Carbon and name two examples of each.• Discover the Technology and Policy that can help
mitigate Black Carbon.
Black Carbon Curriculum
Part 1:Define and DescribeBlack Carbon
Black Carbon
Black Carbon: Product of incomplete combustion consisting of amorphous carbon. Commonly known as soot.
Combustion: The process of the burning of fuels in the presence of oxygen.
Incomplete Combustion: Occurs when there is not enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely, producing harmful chemicals such as black carbon.
Black Carbon Curriculum
Part 2:Explain the Main Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon: These little particles have the ability to change climate and affect human and environmental health.
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health
Black Carbon smoke billowing out of a factory in Hampshire, England
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon:
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health
AlbedoAlbedo : The amount of energy reflected by a surface, measured on a scale from 0-1. The scale refers to the percent of energy that is reflected, with 0 meaning no energy is reflected and 1 meaning 100%
of the energy is reflected.
Pure Snow: High Albedo, Reflects Sun and cools air
Dirty Snow: Low Albedo, Absorbs sun and and warms air
Albedo=Reflectivity
Albedo Scale
Pure Snow: High AlbedoReflects 80% of sunlight
Dark Forest: Low AlbedoAbsorbs 96% of sunlight
Green Grass: Medium AlbedoReflects 25% of sunlight, absorbs 75%
.80
.25.0410
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon:
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health
Global Warming
Most Aerosols = High Albedo
-Shiny (like a mirror)
-Reflects and scatters sunlight
-Cooling effect
Black Carbon Aerosol = Low Albedo-Dark and dull-Absorbs sunlight-Warming effect
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere: Absorbs sunlight and generates heat, warming the air.
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon:
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health
Melting Ice and Snow
Black Soot deposited on Tibetan Glaciers
Melting Ice and Snow: The Ice-Albedo Feedback
Black Carbon in Snow/Ice: Lowers albedo, absorbing more sunlight, causing snow and ice to melt. Known as the Ice-Albedo Feedback.
Lowered Albedo
More Melting
More Sunlight Absorbed
Ice-Albedo Feedback Video
NASA: Ice Albedo and Glacial Melt
Melting Ice and Snow
The two most sensitive areas for black carbon:
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon:
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health
Pollution/Visibility
Smog Pollution in Beijing, China
SMOG = SMOKE + FOG
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon:
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health
Human Health
The Great Smog killed between 4,000 and 12,000 people. 100,000 residents became ill due to emissions, including black carbon.
Human Health
The health effects of black carbon include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular problems, birth defects and premature deaths.
Black Carbon Curriculum
Part 3:Identify Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Black Carbon
Black Carbon Emissions by Region
Black Carbon Emissions for 2000, in Gigagrams (T. Bond 2007)
Anthropogenic Black Carbon Sources
Agricultural Burning
Major source of Black Carbon
Satellite picture of slash and burn agriculture along the Xingu River, Brazil
Cookstoves
Inefficient Cookstoves: Major source of Black Carbon
Natural Sources of Black Carbon
Natural Sources of Black Carbon include erupting volcanoes, sea salt, and wildfires.
Natural Sources
Transport
Global Transport of Black Carbon
Black Carbon Curriculum
Part 4:Discover the Technology and Policy that Can Help Mitigate Black Carbon
Policy
• UK Clean Air Act 1956
• US Clean Air Act 1963
• Regulation, Monitoring Emissions
• Black Carbon Reduction Act
Policy
There are a number of recommended policy actions that would help reduce black carbon emissions, including:
• Regulating crop burning • Banning slash and burn techniques• Limiting idling of ships at port• Requiring emissions testing for vehicles• Adding particle traps for vehicles that filter emissions• Requiring the use of cleaner fuels• Limiting the use of biomass burning in urban and non-urban areas• Requiring permits to operate industrial or power plants that limit
black carbon emissions
Technology
A clean burning, efficient cookstove can reduce smoke and emissions by 80%
Technology
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF): One method for filtering diesel exhaust to reduce black carbon. As the exhaust is forced through the filters’ cell walls,
the soot is trapped. At high temps, the trapped soot is burned up.
Ways to Reduce Black Carbon
Some strategies include:Using clean diesel technologies for engines.Taking mass transit or riding a bike whenever
possible.Switching to safe, efficient cookstoves. Using sustainable agriculture that reduces crop
burning and slash and burn methods.Reducing trash-burning practices.Supporting strong black carbon regulations.Educating people on the issue of black carbon!