1. 1. Benefits, risks, or possible problems ARTIFICIAL METHOD AND NATURAL METHOD
2. 2. BEHAVIORAL/ NATURAL METHOD Natural Family Planning: techniques, including checking body temperature or cervical mucus daily or recording menstrual cycles on a calendar, to determine the days when body is most fertile; typical use effectiveness: 81% BENEFITS No medical or hormonal side effects Inexpensive Accepted by most religions Not effective against STD Requires strict record keeping Illness or lack of sleep may affect body temperature Vaginal infections may affect cervical mucus Requires abstinence from sexual intercourse or alternative contraception during fertile days
3. 3. Fertility Awareness Methods Also called natural family planning, fertility awareness means avoiding sex when the woman is most fertile. Pros: No drugs or devices, inexpensive. Religions and cultures that do not approve of other methods of contraception permit the use of periodic abstinence.
4. 4. The basal body temperature method Normally, body temperature decreases slightly just before ovulation and begins to rise for several days afterward. The temperature remains slightly elevated until menstruation begins. This method may be unreliable because lack of sleep and illness can change a womans body temperature
5. 5. The cervical mucus method Requires a woman to examine the mucus from her cervix (opening of the uterus) to determine her fertile period. Just after the menstrual period, little or no mucus is discharged for three to four days. Discharged mucus may be thick, sticky, and yellow or white for two to three days and becomes progressively clear, wet, slippery, and stretchy over a period of eight to ten days, Ovulation occurs sometime in the two days before or up to two days after the peak day of this clear, wet, stretchy mucus. The consistency of cervical mucus can be affected by medications such as antihistamines that change mucus production throughout the body, and by spermicides, sexual intercourse, vaginal infections, or the use of douches.
6. 6. In the calendar charting method
7. 7. Coitus interruptus (literally "interrupted sex"), also known as the withdrawal method, is the practice of ending sexual intercourse ("pulling out") before ejaculation. Although concern has been raised about the risk of pregnancy from sperm in pre- ejaculate, several small studies have failed to find any viable sperm in the fluid.
8. 8. Sexualabstinence Abstinence at a Glance * A behavior that prevents pregnancy * Prevents sexually transmitted infection * Safe, easy, and convenient HOW EFFECTIVE? Used continuously, abstinence is 100 percent effective in preventing pregnancy. It also prevents STDs. Abstinence is one of the safest ways to prevent pregnancy there are no side effects.
9. 9. Barrier Method place a physical impediment to the movement of sperm into the female reproductive tract Male condom, a latex or polyurethane sheath placed over the penis
10. 10. Barrier Method The Female condom has a flexible ring at each end one secures behind the pubic bone to hold the condom in place, while the other ring stays outside the vagina. * A pouch inserted into the vagina to prevent pregnancy
11. 11. typical use effectiveness: 84% (male) 79% (female) Benefits Prevents STD Available over the counter Can be used with other methods to further protect against pregnancy Risks Possible allergies to latex or spermicide May break during intercourse
12. 12. Cervical barriers
13. 13. Cervical barriers Contraceptive sponge How Does The Sponge Method Work? 1. The nonoxynol 9 contained in the sponge kills sperm before they can reach the egg 2. The sponge blocks the cervix opening to the uterus so the sperm cannot enter 3. The sponge traps and absorbs the sperm
14. 14. Diaphragm shallow latex cup with flexible rim inserted into vagina over cervix to prevent sperm from entering uterus Benefits used with spermicide - typical use effectiveness: 82% Risks Not effective against STD Needs to be fitted by a health care professional Increased risk of bladder infection Possible allergies to latex or spermicide
15. 15. Diaphragm
16. 16. Cervical Cap: thimble-shaped latex cap inserted into vagina over cervix to prevent sperm from entering uterus; used with spermicide; typical use effectiveness: 82% Benefits Reusable Can stay in place for 48 hours, inexpensive. Risks Not effective against STD Needs to be fitted by a health care professional Difficult to fit women with an unusual cervix size Difficult for some women to insert
17. 17. Spermicides Chemicals in the form of foams, creams, jellies, films, or suppositories that kills sperm before they can enter the uterus Typical use effectiveness: 70% Pros Can be used with other methods to improve effectiveness Risks Only partially effective against sexually transmitted disease (STD) Possible allergies or irritation
18. 18. Intrauterine Device (IUD): Risks Not effective against STD May cause spotting between periods and longer, heavier periods Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disorder within first four months after insertion Rare risk of uterine perforation - Small, "T-shaped" device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy - long lasting - Must be inserted by a health care provider
19. 19. Intrauterine Device (IUD):
20. 20. HORMONAL METHOD Hormonal Methods The Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill contains two hormones - estrogen and progesterone the hormones in the Pill stops the ovaries from releasing eggs, - Advantages: Effective if taken properly (every day at roughly the same time) Disadvantages: - interferes with the females natural hormonal system - if taken for long periods of time it can affect fertility - it can take a long time for your natural cycle to re- establish after coming off the pill - nausea, bloating, spotting and breakthrough bleeding, irritability, weight gain does not protect against STD's
21. 21. Birth Control Pill: prescription drug containing female hormones; one pill taken daily prevents ovaries from releasing eggs and/or thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching egg; typical use effectiveness: 94% Benefits More regular periods No action required prior to sexual intercourse Risks Not effective against STD Rare but dangerous complications, including blood clotting and hypertension, particularly in women over 35 years who smoke Must be taken daily
22. 22. Birth Control Patch Women who have trouble remembering a daily pill may consider the birth control patch. The (Ortho Evra) patch is worn on the skin and changed only once a week for three weeks with a fourth week that is patch- free. Pros: More regular, lighter periods with less cramping, no need to remember a daily pill. Cons: Cost ($15-$50 per month), may cause skin irritation or other side effects similar to birth control pills. Doesn't protect against STDs.
23. 23. Birth Control Shot The birth control shot, known as Depo- Provera, is a hormonal injection that protects against pregnancy for three months. Pros: Only injected four times per year, highly effective. Cons: Cost (about $240 per year), may cause spotting and other side effects. Doesn't protect against STDs.
24. 24. Hormonal Implant (Implanon): A matchstick-sized rod that is placed under the skin of the upper arm. It releases the same hormone that's in the birth control shot, but the implant protects against pregnancy for 3 years. The failure rate is less than 1%. Pros: Lasts three years, highly effective. Cons: More expensive upfront ($400- $800 for exam, implant, and insertion), may cause side effects, including irregular bleeding. Doesn't protect against STDs.
25. 25. Surgical sterilization is available in the form of tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. In women, the process may be referred to as "tying the tubes," but the fallopian tubes may be tied, cut, clamped, or blocked. This serves to prevent sperm from joining the unfertilized egg. Sterilization should be considered permanent.
26. 26. Tubal Ligation :surgical procedure to permanently block woman's Fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from reaching sperm; typical use effectiveness: 99% Benefits Permanent protection from pregnancy No action required prior to sexual intercourse, permits sexual spontaneity Risks Not effective against STD Reactions to surgery may include infection, bleeding, injury to intestine, reaction to anesthesia Increased chance of ectopic pregnancy Irreversible
27. 27. Salpingectomy Clips Silicone rings Electrocoagulation or cauterization
28. 28. There are mainly four occlusion methods for tubal ligation, typically carried out on the isthmic portion of the fallopian tube, that is, the thin portion of the tube closest to the uterus
29. 29. Tubal Implants A newer procedure makes it possible to block the fallopian tubes without surgery. Small implants of metal or silicone are placed inside each tube. Scar tissue eventually grows around the implants and blocks the tubes. Pros: Permanent, no surgery, almost 100% effective. Cons: Takes a few months to become effective. May raise the risk of pelvic infections, irreversible, expensive.
30. 30. Vasectomy
31. 31. Vasectomy: surgical procedure to permanently block the male's vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching eggs; typical use effectiveness: 99% Benefits Permanent protection from pregnancy Risks Not effective against STD Reactions to surgery may include infection, blood clot near testes, bruising, swelling, or tenderness of scrotum Irreversible