Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites /guiding material
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Transcript of Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites /guiding material
![Page 1: Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites /guiding material](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ced5503460f949babf6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites
/guiding material/
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Life in the water...
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life in terrestrial systems…
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life in the air...
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AND life on / in other animals!
feather lice
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Biodiversity of parasites
endoparasites: viruses, bacteria, unicellular organisms, worms, etc…
tapeworms and nematods
unicellulars (Plasmodium, tha causative agent of malaria)
5-10 % of animal species are considered parasites. If we involve herbivorous species and parasitoids as parasites their rate increases up to 30-50 %.
Many of them can induce serious diseases.
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ectoparasites
ticks
feather licemites
fleas
bat flies
Many of them can transfer serious diseases.
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Animals usually have:
habitat
prey
predator
Sand Lizard as an example
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for parasites, host individuals means all of these
habitat and food
predator
preening
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Arms race between hosts and parasites
Hosts are motivated in avoiding or reducing infestation.
preening and scratching
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bathing and dusting
sunbathing
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an oxpecker is searching for ticks
mates can reach unreachable bodyparts
Sometimes others can help:
anting: ants hint the feathers with formic acid which is toxic for parasites
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Parasites have to avoid host defences and colonise new host individuals.
Lice can attach to hippoboscid flies to reach new hosts more easily.
A louse hiding in the hollows of a feather to avoid preening.