BIRDING IN SUMBA AND TIMOR

LESSER SUNDAS - INDONESIA

20.09 .• 95 - 10.10.'95

By Filip VERBELEN

A report of the birds seen on a trip to Sumba and Timor between 20.09.95 and 10.10.95.

A comprehensive guide covering the sites with detailed maps, the birds with useful ID hints and How to get there, where to eat and where to sleep.

If you have any queries please contact:

Filip VERBELEN Torrekensstraat 41 9820 Munte (Merelbeke) BELGIUM tel: ++32.9.362.64.2~ e-mail: Filip.verbelen@green2.greenpeace.org 03.09 1 96

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ITINERARY

20.09.'95: Waingapu (SUMBA) 21.09: Lewapaku 22.09: Lewapaku 23.09: Lewapaku 24.09: Lewapaku 25.09: Lewapaku to Waingapu and birding at Yambu till dusk, back to Waingapu 26.09: Flight from Waingapu to Kupang (TIMOR), bus to Cam­plong, arrival at night 27.09: Camplong 28.09: Camplong 29.09: Camplong, evening: bus to Kapan & 01 Bubok. 30.09: Birding at 01 Bubuk - afternoon bus to Kapan and fur­ther to Fatumnasi, walk (after dark) to the village of Nenas, near Gunung Mutis 01.10: Nenas and lower slopes of Gunung Mutis 02.10: Climb to summit Gunung Mutis 03.10: am: birding in forest near Nenas, pm: walk back to Fatumnasi and bus to Kapan (1000 Rp) and further to Soe (500 Rp), I then jumped on a nightbus to visit Dili but got struck there for some reason 04.10: return to Soe (sick) 05.10: Soe to Bipolo (Taupkole) 06.10: Bipolo 07.10: Bipolo - to the coast in the afternoon 08.10: Bipolo - to the coast and back to Kupang 09.10: Kupang - Jakarta 10.10: Jakarta, buy ticket to Bengkulu 11.10.'95: flight to Bengkulu (SUMATRA)

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SUMBA 20.09.'95 - 26.09.'95

My main reason for travelling to Sumba was to observe the Sumba Hornbill, probably the most threatened hornbill species of SE Asia. I concentrated on a forest patch near Lewapaku, some 50 km from Waingapu. The forest there was seriously degraded already but there are certainly much better forest areas further (south)west. I've been told that large groups of hornbills (30+) can still be seen in these forests. There's a forest block of some 15.396 hectares in the west. It is proba­bly a good idea to travel straight to one of these forest areas which are more intact than the area I visited.

There are of course plenty of other things to see at Sumba, the island probably has one of the most intact & bizarre cultures of the whole of Indonesia. There are a lot of tradi­tional villages to visit, megalithic monuments, some of the best ikat-weavings in the Lesser Sundas etc. (check your travel guide) Unfortunately, I didn't take time to visit all these cultural highlights and I mainly focused on finding the Sumba Hornbill since my time was so limited. Most of the Sumba endemics were quite easily located.

Accommodation in Waingapu

We flew from Jakarta to, Waingapu (East-Sumba) via Denpassar ( BAL I ) ( 3 5 5 . 0 0 0 R p) . In Waingapu, we slept in:

~----------------------------. "Hotel Merlin".

Jl.D.L.Panjaitan N° 25 tel: 21300, Waingapu

Rate: single rooms: 15.000 Rp, 20.000 Rp for a double room Good & clean rooms. There is also a restaurant there. There are several other good, cheap and clean hotels. Hotel SandIe Wood at Jln. W.J. Lalaimantik is a valid alterna­tive, if Merlin Hotel is full.

Waingapu is an excellent place to buy good quality "Ikat" weavings if you are into that. Some of these salesmen tend to hang around the tourist hotels. An interesting person to buy from was FIDELIS TASMAN AMAT

c/o: L. Jacob. Jl. Ampera Matansai, Waingapu Sumba

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I bought my air ticket to Kupang (Timor) from the Bouraq office in Waingapu (133.000 Rp). A bemo-ride from Merlin Hotel to the Bouraq office costed 300 Rp. I visited some of the local traditional markets near the hotel which was an excel­lent opportunity to see the locals wearing their traditional clothes and chewing betel nuts.

I spent one afternoon at Yambu to look for Sumba Buttonquail in the plains there. I didn't take time to explore the coasts near Waingapu but it is apparently good for waders (in season) .

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LEWAPAKU (SUMBA)

One of the isolated pockets of forests in East Sumba that survived the annual grass burning. The forest is seriously degraded here. It still holds a lot of interesting bird spe­cies however. I saw only one Sumba Hornbill.

Access and Accommodtion From Hotel Merlin, I got a free jeep-ride to Lewapaku (some 51 km). I asked them to drop me some 7 km before Lewapaku= where I stayed in the house of a local family. (see map) . If you can't hitchhike, there are plenty of buses to Waikabu­bak, you could ask the driver to drop you before Lewapaku.

Buy all your food and drinking water in Waingapu & buy suffi­cient food to feed the (rather poor) people you are staying with (rice, noodles, fruits, coffee & tea, sugar), and betel nuts 'siri pinang' as a gift to the elder. Staying there, may prove to be difficult however, if you don't speak indonesian. Camping is a possible alternative.

Address of the people where I slept: Yohanis Ndilu Pari adress: Prai Paha 52

v/atu Naramba 52

Birds: Black Kite, Short-toed Eagle, Spotted Harrier, Brown Goshawk, Spotted Kestrel, ORANGE-FOOTED SCRUBFOWL, Brown Quail, GREEN JUNGLEFOWL, Red-backed Buttonquail, White-breasted Waterhen, SUMBA GREEN PIGEON, RED-NAPED FRUIT-DOVE, Black-naped Fruit­dove, Green Imperial Pigeon, Little Cuckoo-dove, Barred Dove, Rainbow Lorikeet, Eclectus Parrot, YELLOW-CRESTED COCKATOO, Great-billed Parrot, Rusty-breasted Cuckoo (very often heard) , Lesser Coucal, SCOPS OWL SPEC. HEARD CALLING, SUMBA BOOBOOK, t • "II Night jar, Edible Nest Swiftlet, Sacred Kingfisher, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, Rainbow Bee-eater, Dollarbird, SUMBA HORNBILL (one in big tree in first morning light - see map), ELEGANT PITTA (common) and vocal), Singing Bushlark, Barn Swallow, Richard's Pipit, Wallacean Cuckoo-shrike, SUMBA CICADABIRD, White-shouldered Triller, Pied Bushchat, CHESTNUT­BACKED THRUSH, Cisticola spec, RUSSET-BACKED RHINOMYIAS, ASIAN BROWN FLYCATCHER (SPLIT ?), SUMBA FLYCATCHER, Grey-headed Flycatcher, Asian Paradise Flycatcher, Spectacled Monarch, Rufous Fantail, Golden Whistler, Great Tit, Brown-throated Sunbird, APRICOT-BREASTED SUNBIRD, Yellow-spectacled White­eye, Ashy-bellied White-eye, Brown Honey-eater, RED-HEADED MYZOMELA (split ?), Helmeted Friarbird, Red Avadavat, Scaly-breasted Munia, Short-tailed Starling, Black-naped Oriole, Wallacean Drongo, White-breasted Woodswallow, Large­billed Crow.

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Miscellaneous Wild Pigs, lots of beautiful butterflies, Long-tailed Macaques, flying lizards, heavy rainfall when we arrived at Lewapaku.

Did not see Pacific Baza, Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher, Grass Owl,

Sumba Buttonquail Sumba Green Pigeon Red-naped fruit Dove Sumba Boobook Sumba Hornbill Sumba Flycatcher Apricot-breasted Sunbird

possible endemics:

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SUMBA ENDEMICS

[Turnix everetti] [Treron teysmannii] [Ptilinopus dohertyi] [Ninox rudolfi] [Rhyticeros everetti] [Ficedula harterti] [Nectarinia buettikoferi]

... Sumba Myzomela, sometimes given full species status, as a split from Red-headed Myzomela (Myzomela erythrocephala)

... Sumba Brown Flycatcher, as a split from Asian Brown Flycat­cher (Muscicapa daurica)

* Scops Owl spec. ?

* Citron-crested Cockatoo, as a split from Yellow-crested Cockatoo

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TIMOR 26.09.'95 - 10.10.'95

Timor is the largest and oldest of the Lesser Sunda islands. This part of Indonesia is affected by the Australian rainshadow, and the climate is dry and seasonal with a dry season from July to November. The natural vegetation of Timor is deciduous monsoon forest, woodland and savanna, with some areas of submontane and montane forest at higher altitudes. Timor is very mountainous.

Timor, Wetar and associated islands are considered an endemic bird area (E-17) by Birdlife International. The islands of this endemic bird area (Timor, Wetar, Sawi, Roti and Semau) are close to all other of the Lesser Sunda EBAs, Nusa Tenggara (E15) and Sumba (E16) to the West and the Banda Sea Islands (E18) to the east. A total of 35 restricted range bird species occur in this EBA, of which 22 are endemic, including the monotypic endemic genus Buettikoferella. Almost all 'of the restricted-range birds species are on Timor, and six are endemic to this island, but there are also three single island endemics in the smaller island of Wetar.

(Derived from the Draft account from the Birdlife Directory of Endemic Bird areas) .

Timor also has the highest degree of bird endemism in the region. I did all my birding in West-Timor, although it is now more or less possible to visit East-Timor when there are no demonstrations going on (which was unfortunately not the case around the time I was there). An interesting area for birds to visit in East Timor is "Kovalina" - an area of good lowland TI10nSOOn forest (Yellow-C Cockatoo, Timor Green Pigeon, Timor Imperial Pigeon, Slaty Cuckoo-dove, Wetar Ground-dove, Iris Lorikeet, ... ). Ask Birdlife Int. for more info.

Birding in Timor was very productive in the remaining patches of forest. I had a great time there. The area around Gunung Mutis holds beautiful scenery and is also very fascinating from an ethnological point of view. People speak a very funny sounding language there. I didn't see a single tourist while I was in Timor!

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Why not try Wetar ? From Dili, you may consider visiting Wetar, a relatively small island north of Timor. Politically, Wetar is part of Maluku and not of Nusa Tenggara. I have been told that there are also ferries from Kupang to Wetar. Quite some locals are going there since there's a big goldmining operation on the island. Wetar is seriously underexplored from an ornithological point of view and some interesting discoveries may still be possible there. The Gunung Arnau Mountain System (1396m) in Western Wetar is known from aerial photos and general observations to still have a good natural forest cover on its slopes and hills, and it has been proposed a new protected area by FAO.

It is probably best to take contact first with the PHPA-office in Kupang (Timor). Mr Suparman is there and he's in touch with Birdlife International. Ask him about possibilities to visit Wetar. (tel: 0391-31814)

Wetar holds 3 endemic species (Black-chested Honey-eater, Wetar Figbird, Crimson-hooded Myzomela) and shares some ende­mics with Timor.

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Distribution of endemic birds within Timor, Wetar and associ­ated islands.

Species Islands

A B C D

Red-chested Flowerpecker x x x Plain Gerygone x x x Timor Green Pigeon x x White-bellied Bushchat x x Timor Sparrow x x Olive-shouldered Parrot x x x Timor Oriole x x x Flame-breasted Sunbird x x x x Streak-breasted Meliphaga x x Timor Blue Flycatcher x x x Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon x x x x Buff-banded Bushbird x Black-banded Flycatcher x Spot-breasted Darkeye x Yellow-eared Honey-eater x Red-rumped Myzomela x Plain Friarbird x Elegant Pitta x x Chestnut-backed Thrush x x Timor Leaf Warbler . x x Timor Imperial Pigeon x x Wetar Ground-dove x x Timor Black Pigeon x x Iris Lorikeet x x Fawn-breasted Whistler x x Dusky Cuckoo-dove x x x Olive-headed Lorikeet x x x Chestnut-banded Kingfisher x x x Orange-banded Thrush x x x Timor Stubtail x x x Tricoloured Parrotfinch x x x Black-chested Honey-eater x Crimson-hooded Myzomela x Wetar Figbird x White-tufted Honey-eater x

Total 31 21

Island key: A= Sawu and/or Roti and/or Semeu; B = Timor; C = Wetar; D = elsewhere in surrounding endemic bird areas.

(Derived from the draft account of the Birdlife Directory of Endemic Bird areas) .

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KUPANG (West-Timor) (09/95') I took a plane from Waingapu to Kupang, capital of West-Timor

(133.800 Rp, Bouraq airlines).

Accommodation In Kupang, I stayed in Fateleu Homestay, at Jalan Gunung Fateleu nO I, a friendly place close to the city centre. 7500 Rp for a single room + fan (and mandi outside). Also laundry service (1000 Rp per piece). A bemo ride into town costed 300 rp.

A taxi from the city centre to the airport costed 7500 Rp (300 Rp by bus, N° 14 or 15 - starting from "PENFUI")

BIPOLO / TAUPKOLE 05.10.'95 - 08.10.'95 (WEST-TIMOR) Evergreen coastal forest near Kupang on the road to Pariti. One of the few remaining patches of lowland forest in West Timor. The forest is seriously degraded already but some good species can still be found (Timor Green Pigeon, Yellow-crested Cockatoo, Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher, ... ). I discovered a very interesting wetland area here!

Access and Accommodation From Soe, I took a bus to Oelmasi (2500 Rp). I bought food & drinking water in Oelmasi & jumped on a minibus to Taupkole (500 Rp) - the village next to Bipolo. From the other direc­tion, Bipolo is easily accessible via Oelmasi when coming from Kupang.

There are no hotels in Taupkole. As soon as you arrive there, you have to report yourself in the house of the village head (or of his secretary, as I did) . Tourists are rare here but they know that people come here for birdwatching. Bring plenty of food (buy it in Oelmasi), not just for you but also for the people you are staying with (tea, coffee, sugar, noodles, rice, eggs, biscuits, tobacco, drinking-water, ..... ) since people are quite poor here. Pay them if you sleep in their houses! Be careful with mosquitos, malaria is rife here!

I stayed in the house of the secretary of the village head. (IISekretaris Desa Bipolo) : ABRAHAM MAUBANA

"Sekretaris Desa Bipolo" Taupkole - desa Bipolo Kecamatan Sulamu Kabupaten - KUPANG

Rapidly degrading lowland forest Birding was done in the forest along the road between Bipolo and Taupkole, from the numerous small trails and clearings. Good birding while walking in the dry riverbed. Unfortunately, tape recording was far too often disturbed by the terrible noise of chainsaws here. I'm not sure how long these forests will last. Some more good forest could be seen further away from the village at the hillsides.

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Surprise-surprise Surprisingly, I "discovered" a very interesting wetland/man­grove/marshland area some 5 km from Taupkole village. I was guided there by some children who told me about the presence of many waders and herons there. I followed them through the forest untill we reached very interesting mangroves and marsh­land areas full of waterbirds. The site is called "Pan Muti". I never read/heard about this interesting bird area in other reports, but the site is definitely worth a visit when you are in Taupkole. The area could probably hold many surprises. I only surveyed some minor parts of this very extensive wetland area!

From Bipolo, I took back a minibus back to Kupang (1500 Rp.)

Birds in Bipolo: Little Pied Cormorant, (Australian?) Darter - Status, possibly breeding in the huge mangroves around Bipolo ?, WHITE-FACED HERON, Purple Heron, Striated Heron, Intermediate Egret, Great White Egret, Reef Egret, Yellow Bittern, ROYAL SPOONBILL, Black Kite, Short-toed Eagle, Bonelli's Eagle, White-browed Crake, DUSKY MOORHEN, several Quails/Buttonquails were flushed in the grasslands near the coast - Most likely, these were Red-backed Buttonquails, Pacific Golden Plover, RED-CAPPED PLOVER, Malaysian Plover (?), Greater/Lesser Sand Plover, Whimbrel, LITTLE CURLEW, Common Redshank, Marsh Sand­piper, Common Greenshank, Common Sandpiper, Wood Sandpiper, Rufous-necked Stint, Long-toed Stint, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, Ruff, WHITE-HEADED STILT, AUSTRALIAN PRATINCOLE, Gull-billed Tern, Terns spec, TIMOR GREEN PIGEON, PINK-HEADED IMPERIAL PIGEON, DUSKY CUCKOO-DOVE, Spotted Dove, Barred Dove, Emerald Dove, Rainbow Lorikeet, OLIVE-HEADED LORIKEET, YELLOW-CRESTED COCKATOO, OLIVE-SHOULDERED PARROT, Asian Koel, Edible-nest Swiftlet, CINNAMON-BANDED KINGFISHER, Collared Kingfisher, Dollarbird, Pacific Swallow, Tree Martin, Richard's Pipit, Long-tailed Shrike, White-shouldered Triller, Pied Bushchat, WHITE-BELLIED BUSHCHAT, ORANGE-BANDED THRUSH, TIMOR STUBTAIL, BUFF-BANDED BUSHBIRD, Clamorous Reed Warbler, Cisticola spec, PLAIN GERYGONE, TIMOR BLUE FLYCATCHER, Northern Fantail, Rufous Fantail, FAWN-BREASTED WHISTLER, FLAME-BREASTED SUNBIRD, Ashy-bellied White-eye, STREAK-BREASTED MELIPHAGA, TIMOR FRIARBIRD, Helmeted Friarbird, Zebra Finch, Black-faced Munia, Scaly-breasted Munia, Short-tailed Starling, TIMOR ORIOLE, Black-naped Oriole, TIMOR FIGBIRD, Wallacean Drongo, White-breasted Woodswallow, BLACK-FACED WOODSWALLOW.

Did not see: Timor Black Pigeon, Black-backed Fruit-dove, Brown Quail, Red-cheeked Parrot, Five-coloured Munia, Tricoloured Parrot­finch.

Miscellaneous: Long-tailed Macaque, several snakes in the mangroves on the coast, excellent mangrove forests and huge wetlands certainly deserves an in depth survey, good scenery along the coast

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CAMPLONG (WEST-TIMOR) {07/' 95}

Camplong is some 46 km from Kupang on the Soe road. Good parts of semi-deciduous forest. It's a cool, quiet hill town and it holds a lot of birds. Huge trees with bee-nests near the convent. Good food and accommodation at the convent. Beware of mites in dry grasslands.

Access and accommodation I took a bus from Kupang city (Oebobo Terminal) to Camplong for only 1000 Rp - normal price is around 2500Rp (?). In Camplong I stayed in the convent "Wisma Oemat Honis". Very friendly people & good food. Give my regards to "zuster Kris­ta". I paid 20.000 Rp for 3 nights + food.

If you speak some Bahasa, you could also sleep in the house of one of the PHPA-guards (forestry department). Do report there on your arrival. One of the PHPA-guards was very helpful and accompanied me in the forest, which enabled me to go on some more remote trails:

his adress: Yus Benu (PHPA guard) Jln. RA Kartini I N° 27 Camplong - 85363

Yus took part in several ornithological expeditions, so he knows quite a bit about the birds there. He knew the call of Southern Boobook which was easily taped in.

Birds in Camplong: Pacific Baza, Red Junglefowl, Rose-crowned Fruit-dove, Spotted Dove, Barred Dove, Emerald Dove, Rainbow Lorikeet, OLIVE­HEADED LORIKEET, Gould's Bronze Cuckoo, Asian Koel, Southern Boobook, Edible-nest Swiftlet, Collared Kingfisher, Rainbow Bee-eater, Striated Swallow, Wallacean Cuckoo-shrike, Long­tailed Shrike, WHITE-BELLIED BUSHCHAT, ORANGE-BANDED THRUSH, TIMOR STUBTAIL, BUFF-BANDED BUSHBIRD, Timor Leaf Warbler, Little Pied Flycatcher, BLACK-BANDED FLYCATCHER, Timor Blue Flycatcher, Plain Gerygone, Northern Fantail, Rufous Fantail, Fawn-breasted Whistler, Golden Whistler, Thick-billed Flowerp­ecker, Flame-breasted Sunbird, Ashy-bellied White-eye, SPOT­BREASTED DARKEYE, Brown Honey-eater, YELLOW-EARED HONEY-EATER, RED-RUMPED MYZOMELA, STREAK-BREASTED MELI PHAGA , Timor Friarbi­rd, Red Avadavat, Timor Figbird, Black-faced Munia, Scaly­breasted Munia, TIMOR SPARROW, TIMOR ORIOLE, TIMOR FIGBIRD, Large-billed Crow.

Did not see: Timor Black Pigeon, Wetar Ground-Dove (collected here in 1932) Dusky Cuckoo-dove, Metallic Pigeon, Brown Goshawk, Cinnamon­banded Kingfisher, Tricoloured Parrotfinch,

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SOE (West-Timor) (09/'95)

From Camplong, I jumped on a bus to Soe (2000 Rp). Soe is a small regional city at an elevation of 800 metres. Wetar Ground Dove has been seen recently in forest near Soe, the first known record for West Timor since a specimen was collec­ted at Camplong in 1932. But I didn't do any birding there.

The area around Soe (also up to Fatumnasi and Gunung Mutis) is interesting for its traditional beehive shaped houses, the "loposll which give the region a distinctive character. The Lopo have been banned by authorities, who deem them unhealthy as they're small and smokey. The locals however consider their new houses unhealthy, as they're cold, so they construct new lopos behind the approved houses.

I stayed in Soe when I came back from Gunung Mutis. I slept in "Hotel Anda" a simple hotel (5000 Rp per room, mandi outside) run by an interesting English/Dutch/German-speakingindonesian man who plays good guitar and is a wealth of knowledge on the area's history and attractions.

If you are into that, SOE is a good place for shopping (local ikats from the indigenous peoples living around Gunung Mutis, Bone souvenirs, woodcarvings, ... ). It is also a good starting point for side-trips to visit traditional villages (Oinlasi) or the last traditional Kingdom from West Timor (Boti).

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KAPAN - OEL BUBUK (WEST - TIMOR)

21 km north of Soe. This is an interesting market village and the starting point to visit Gunung Mutis.

Access and accommodation From Soe, I took a minibus to Kapan (500 Rp) and I jumped off in the small village of OEL BUBUK, 3 km south of Kapan. There's some patchy forest near the village. There's no accommodation in this village, report to the village head (Kepala Desa) when you arrive; I was invited by a girl who was on my bus and I stayed in her family's house. Very friendly people who didn't want me to pay for accommodation.

THOM OB WELKIS OEL BUBUK MOLLO - SELATAN NTT INDONESIA 85552

I saw a big scorpion in their bathing room. You could also camp in this area. The forest is a 2 km walk from the forest. Although this is not a really essential site to visit, it holds some interesting species.

From Oel Bubuk, I jumped on a minibus to Kapan (300 Rp). From Kapan, I took a bus to Fatumnasi (1000 Rp) on my way to Gunung Mutis. I also passed via Kapan when I returned from Fatumnasi (1000 Rp by bus) - I took a bus from Kapan to Soe (500 Rp) where I spent the night.

Birds in Kapan: Pacific Golden Plover, BLACK-BACKED FRUIT-DOVE, Spotted Dove, Emerald Dove, Lesser Coucal, Glossy Swiftlet, Rainbow Bee­eater, White-shouldered Triller, Pied Bushchat, Orange-banded Thrush, Timor Stubtail, Sunda Bush Warbler, Buff-banded Bushbird, Timor Leaf Warbler, Black-banded Flycatcher, Timor Blue Flycatcher, Plain Gerygone, Northern Fantail, Rufous Fantail, Golden Whistler, Thick-billed Flowerpecker, SPOT­BREASTED DARKEYE, YELLOW-EARED HONEY-EATER, Red-rumped Myzomela, STREAK-BREASTED MELIPHAGA, Timor Friarbird, Helmeted Friarbird, Red Avadavat, Scaly-breasted Munia, Timor Oriole, Timor Figbird, Wallacean Drongo.

Did not see: Metallic Pigeon, Iris Lorikeet (not sure), Olive­headed Lorikeet, Dusky Cuckoo-dove, Olive-shouldered Parrot, Timor Imperial Pigeon (Buck).

Miscellaneous: A big green snake right under my feet, Long-tailed Macaques, Beautiful butterflies,

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GUNUNG MUTIS (WEST TIMOR)

Take a bus from Kapan to Fatumnasi (20 km, 1000 Rp) .

Fatumnasi is a beautiful area to stay for a couple of days with spectacular alpine scenery. There's a small WWF-office. The friendly staff there can provide you with some info on Mt. Mutis area. WWF is campaigning to make a national park in this area of high cultural and biological diversity. It is certain­ly possible to sleep in the WWF-office for a small fee. There are also foodstalls and kiosks in this area from where you can buy some food provision.

VILLAGE OF FATUMNASI I arrived in Fatumnasi at dusk and I was planning to stay overnight. I just saw a couple of species here: quails/button­quails running over the road (seen from the bus, Little fal­con, ... ). Good scenery and certainly worth a longer stay.

NENAS I met a priest of Nenas in the WWF-office, Nenas is a small village, 7 km from Fatumnasi and right next to the lower slopes of Gunung Mutis. This is a more convenient base to stay if you intend to explore the lower slopes of Gunung Mutis and climb to the summit (2470 m). From Nenas, it's about a 3 hours climb to the summit of Gunung Mutis, if you walk fast.

In Nenas, I ate and slept in the priests' (pendeta David Fina) house. I paid him 20.000 Rp. Take a guide to climb to the summit of Gunung Mutis. (I gave my guide ("oxin") a 10.000 Rp fee for 1.5 day guiding, he knew the call of Slaty Cuckoo­dove) .

Birds near Gunung Mutis: Spotted Kestrel, Australian Hobby (Fatumnasi), Quails spec, Black-backed Fruit-dove, TIMOR IMPERIAL PIGEON, METALLIC PIGEON, TIMOR BLACK PIGEON, OLIVE-HEADED LORIKEET (common in forest), IRIS LORIKEET (one flock of 7 near forest edge in open area, flowering trees in agricultural area), ?? Olive­shouldered Parrot heard?, Large-tailed Night jar (Fatumnasi), Glossy Swiftlet, Singing Bushlark, Tree Martin, Grey Wagtail, Richard's Pipit, Pied Bushchat, SUNDA GROUND THRUSH, Island Thrush, Pygmy Wren-babbler, Timor Leaf Warbler, Yellow­breasted Warbler, Snowy-browed Flycatcher, Timor Blue Fly­catcher, Rufous Fantail, Ashy-bellied White-eye, Brown Honey­eater, YELLOW-EARED HONEY-EATER, Short-tailed Starling, Timor Oriole, Wallacean Drongo, Large-billed Crow.

Did not see Tricoloured Parrotfinch, Russet Bush-Warbler (although I saw some small skulking birds near the top) Chestnut-backed Thrush,

Miscellaneous: A dead Cuscus at the mountain; I bought a very nice, handwoven blanket here (a "selimut") made by the indigenous people here.

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SPECIES LIST

(Following the nomenclature as used by ANDREW P. 1992. in: The Birds of Indonesia - A Checklist.)

The species with a symbol between brackets are endemic to Indonesia. The symbol stands for a certain region. (cf. Andrew for details). If the symbol> or < is added, this means that the species also occurs outside the indicated area.

C= Sulawesi (Celebes) T= Lesser Sundas J= Java (+Bali) M= Moluccas I=Irian Yaya

* = song/call recorded. I compiled a tape with the most interesting recordings.

For some of the more interesting species, I tried here to give an idea where I saw them, how common birds are etc. ' But such a brief visit can, of course, only give a first idea on the real status of some of these birds.

---0---

Little Pied Cor.morant {Phalacrocorax melanoleucos} Timor: 5+ in wetlands near Bipolo

Australian Darter {Anhinga novaehollandiae} I Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) Timor: Bipolo: 2-3 in mangroves on the coast (sub) species uncertain. Photos available.

White-faced Heron (Egretta novaehollandiae) Timor: 30 + in wetlands near Bipolo Non-breeding migrants from Australia ??

Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) Timor: Bipolo: 1. First record for Timor?

Striated Heron {Butorides striatus} (Little Green Heron) Timor: Bipolo: several

Inter.mediate Eqret (Egretta inter.media) (Short-billed Egret): 10 + Timor: Bipolo wetlands

Great {white} Egret {Egretta albus} Timor: Bipolo wetlands.

16

Reef Egret (Egretta sacra) [Pacific Reef Egret] Timor: Bipolo

Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis) Timor: Bipolo: 1

Royal Spoonbill (Platalia regia) Timor: wetlands near Bipolo: 40 +

Pacific Baza (Aviceda subcristata) (Crested Baza) Timor: Camplong: 1 pair, mating

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) Timor: Bipolo: several along the coast. Sumba: Lewapaku: singles daily

Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) Sumba: Lewapaku: 1

Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) Sumba, Lewapaku: 1 Timor: Camplong: 2

Spotted Harrier (Circus assimilis> Sumba: Lewapaku: 1

Brown Goshawk (Accipiter fasciatus tjendanae) Sumba: Lewapaku: 1 Wallacean populations are sometimes treated as a specifically distinct allo-species A. Wallacii.

Bonelli's Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) Timor: Bipolo: 2

Spotted Kestrel (Falco moluccensis) Sumba: several Timor: Gunung Mutis

Australian Hobby (Falco longipennis) [Little falcon] Timor: Fatumnasi - briefly seen in flight but almost certainly this species

Sunda Teal (Anser gibberifrons) [Grey Teal] Timor: Bipolo wetlands: 10+

Oranqe-footed Scrubfowl (Megapodius reinwardt reinwardt) Sumba: Lewapaku. Small nOs daily.

17

Brown Quail (Coturnix ypsilophora) * Sumba: Lewapaku. Common. Calling at dusk. Small groups (5-10) were often flushed from dry grasslands. Timor: Some quails/buttonquails spec seen from the bus at Fatumnasi (at high altitude!) were supposed to be this spe­cies. Attn!! Blue-breasted Quail also occurs on Sumba & Timor.

Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) Timor: Camplong (feral population), Gng Mutis:2

Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius) (J,T) * Sumba: Lewapaku: common and vocal.

Red-backed Buttonquail (Turnix maculosa) Sumba: several in grasslands at Lewapaku Timor: Several quails/Buttonquails spec were probably this species. In grasslands along the coast near Bipolo.

Sumba Button-quail (Turnix everetti) (T) Sumba: Several (5+) near Yambu. Watch out for Red-backed Buttonquail, Brown Quail & Blue-breasted Quail which are all present at the island.

White-browed Crake (Poliolimnas cinerea) Timor: Bipolo: 1 flushed in marshland near the coast.

White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) Sumba: Lewapaku

Dusky Moorhen (Gallinula tenebrosa) Timor: Bipolo: 2

Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) Timor: Bipolo:2, Kapan:10

Red-capped Plover (Charadrius ruficapillus) Timor: Bipolo: 10 +, several photographed. Vagrants from northern Australia.

Malaysian Plover (Charadrius peronii) Timor: Bipolo - possibly seen

Greater Sand-plover (C. leschenaulti) I Lesser Sand-plover (C. mongolus) Timor: Bipolo A lot of plovers were too far to identify, but some of these were supposed to be this species. Bring your telescope!

Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) Timor: Bipolo: 20+

Little Curlew (Numenius minutus) Timor: Bipolo: 7

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Common Redshank (Trinqa totanus) Timor: Bipolo: 2

Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis) 'Timor: Bipolo: 5+

Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) Timor: Bipolo: 10

Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) Timor: Bipolo: 10 +

Wood Sandpiper Timor: Bipolo:

(Trinqa glareola) common (100s)

Rufous-necked Stint (Ca~idris ruficollis) Timor: Bipolo: 5 + many unidentified stints

Long-toed Stint (Calidris subminuta) Timor: Bipolo: several (photographed). Rare in Timor?

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) Timor: Bipolo: 5

Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) Timor: Bipolo: 2 (photographed), together with sharp-tailed Sandpiper. Rare in Timor ??

White-headed Stilt (Himantopus leucocephalus) Timor: Bipolo: 10 +, obviously breeding here - some juvenile birds were seen together with alarming adults. Photos availa­ble.

Australian Pratincole (Stiltia isabella) Timor: Bipolo: 50+

Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) Timor: Bipolo: 20+ Status?? Photos available.

Tern spec. Big numbers of smaller terns (Chlidonius too far to identify.

?? .. ,

Sumba Green Pigeon (Treron teysmannii) (T) Sumba: Lewapaku: at least 1 [Sumba endemic] Local name: Rawa Manu

Timor Green Pigeon (Treron psittacea) (T)

Sterna ??) were

Timor: Bipolo: 1. Endemic to Timor and its satellite Semau. The only recent records of this species in West Timor come from this area. This species has probably vanished from Cam­plong, where eight specimens were collected in the 1930s; but it may be secure in East Timor, where it was seen at three different locations in 1974. (H; Thompson mentioned in RA Noske)

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Black-backed Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus cinctus) (J,T) * Timor: lower slopes Gunung Mutis, Kapan (common!),

Red-naoed Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus dohertyi) {T} Sumba: Lewapaku: several observations of single birds. Sumba endemic, local name: "Rawa tana"

Rose-crowned Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus regina) * (Red-crowned Fruit-dove) Timor: common at Camplong, several groups in fruiting trees.

Black-naped Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus melanospila) * Sumba: common

Green Imperial Pigeon (Ducula aenea) Sumba: Lewapaku: common

Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon (Duculua rosacea) Timor: Bipolo. Lowland species. Common.

Timor Imperial Piqeon (Ducula cineracea) (T)

(J,C,M,T)

* Timor: Gunung Mutis: several heard calling at higher altitu­des, a few pairs seen flying over canopy. The only montane bird endemic to Timor.

Metallic Pigeon (Columba vitiensis) Timor: Gunung Mutis

Timor Black Pigeon (Turacoena modesta) (T) (Slaty Cuckoo Dove) * Timor, Gunung Mutis (02.10) - lower slopes: min 2 Several others heard. Others have seen this species at Bipolo and Camplong. The number of reports of this endemic species have declined recently as at least three different birdwat­chers failed to see it during visits in the 1990s. Worryingly it was not recorded in East Timor during surveys in 1974 (RA Noske) .

Dusky Cuckoo-dove (Macropygia magna) (C,T) * Timor: Bipolo: small N°s in forest along dry riverbed, defenitely less common here than in Tanimbar!

Little Cuckoo-dove (Macropygia ruficeps) Sumba: Lewapaku

Spotted Dove (Streotooelia chinensis) Timor: Bipolo, Kapan, Camplong: common (also occurs on Sumba)

Barred Dove (Geopelia maugei) (T) * (Timor Zebra Dove) Sumba: Lewapaku Timor: Bipolo, Camplong: common

20

Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica) * [Green-winged Pigeon] Timor: Camplong, Bipolo (very common), Kapan,

Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haemotodus) * Sumba: Lewapaku: small groups daily. Timor: quite common around Bipolo, Camplong

Olive~headed Lorikeet (Trichoglossus euteles) (T) * Timor: Gunung Mutis: common - also at higher altitudes Bipolo, Camplong: small flocks on several occasions

Iris Lorikeet (Psitteuteles iris) (T) * Timor: Gunung Mutis in open area at a flowering tree Camplong, Bipolo. A lot of unidentified lorikeets at Camplong and Bipolo. Least common of the three Lorikeets.

Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) (J,C,T) * Sumba, Lewapaku: 1 single bird seen in degraded forest. Villagers told us stories about these birds becoming increa­singly rare in this area, due to excessive trapping. Endemic subspecies citrinocrestata; sometimes given full species status: Citron-crested Cockatoo. Local name: "Kella"

Timor: Bipolo: 1 pair daily. I found a sleeping-tree close to the village (shown to me by local children). The species is becoming increasingly scarce throughout its range because of large-scale trapping for the bird-trade.

Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus) Sumba: Lewapaku: 1':'2 pairs daily. (Endemic subspecies cornelia)

Red-cheeked Parrot (Geoffroyus geoffroyi) * Sumba: Lewapaku: common Timor: Camplong

Great-billedParrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos) * Sumba: Lewapaku: small N°s daily . (Endemic subspecies 8umbensis)

Olive-shouldered Parrot (Aprosmictus jonguillaceus) .in * Timor; Bipolo, quite common - groups of 20+ daily.

Rusty-breasted Cuckoo (Cuculus sepulcralis) * (Indonesian Cuckoo) Sumba: Often heard at Lewapaku

Gould's Bronze Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx russatus) Timor: Camplong: 2 in fruiting tree

Asian Koel (Eydynamys scolopacea) * Timor: Camplong, Bipolo

21

Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis) Sumba: Lewapaku: several Timor: Kapan

~ L l T T l6" ..r (1M BI'I /f/l"'lX" Ow L Scops Owl spec. (Otus spec) Sumba: Lewapaku. I heard a scops owl calling immediately after dusk (same call as on tape of Steve Smith). Yet unidentified species.

Sumba Boobook (Ninox rudolfi) * Sumba: Lewapaku, seen well local name: "Wengi"

Southern Boobook (Ninox novaeseelandiae) (Morepork) * Timor: Camplong, Bipolo Seen well at Camplong in response to tape play-back.

Large-tailed Night jar (Caprimulgus macrurus) Timor: Fatumnasi: heard

us Sili"",iilii dry grassland

Glossy Swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta) (White-bellied Swiftlet) Timor: Gunung Mutis (common), Kapan

Edible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fusciphagus) Sumba: Lewapaku Timor: Camplong, Bipolo

Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher (Halcyon australasia) (T) (Cinnamon-backed Kingisher Todirhamphus australasia) Timor: Bipolo: 1 or 2 seen

Sacred Kingfisher (Halcyon sancta) Sumba: Lewapaku: 1 Migrant from Australia.

Collared Kingfisher (Halcyon chloris) Timor: Bipolo, Camplong

Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops superciliosus) Sumba: Lewapaku

Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) Timor: Camplong - very common around bee-nests, Kapan Sumba: common

Common Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) Sumba: Lewapaku: common Timor: Bipolo

22

Sumba Hornbill (Aceros everetti) (T) Sumba: Lewapaku: one male seen on two occasions Local name: "Goang Nggali"

Eleqant Pitta (Pitta Elegans) (J,C,M,T) * Lewapaku (Sumba): common and vocal at dawn and dusk. Not seen/heard in Timor where it is probably a migratory species.

Singing Bushlark (Mirafra javanica) Sumba: Lewapaku: singles Timor: Gunung Mutis

Pacific Swallow (Hirundo tahitica) Timor: Bipolo

Striated Swallow (Hirundo striolata) Timor: Camplong

Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) Sumba: Lewapaku

Tree Martin (Hirundo nigricans) Timor: Bipolo: common in agricultural areas along the coast (07.10.95), Gunung Mutis: common

Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea) Timor: Gunung Mutis

Richard's Pipit (Anthus novaeseelandia) Sumba: Lewapaku: several Timor: fields near Nenas (Gunung Mutis), Bipolo

Wallacean Cuckoo-shrike (Coracina personata) * Sumba: Lewapaku: regularly seen Timor: Camplong

Sumba- Cicadabird (Coracina dohertyi) (T) Sumba: Lewapaku: several

(M, T)

White-shouldered Triller (Lalage suerii) (J,C,T) (White-winged Triller) Sumba: common at Lewapaku, open areas. Timor: Bipolo, Kapan

Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach) Timor: Bipolo, Camplong

Pied Bush-chat (Saxicola caprata) * Sumba: Lewapaku - common Timor: Kapan, Gunung Mutis, Bipolo

White-bellied Bush-chat (Saxicola gutturalis) ~ (Timor Bushchat) Timor: Bipolo, Camplong

23

Chestnut-backed Thrush (Zoothera dohertyi) (T) Sumba: Lewapaku: 1 flushed from the ground & observed later at the same 'site in a fruiting tree.

Oranqe-banded Thrush (Zoothera peronii) * Timor: Camplong, Kapan, Bipolo: common

Sunda (Ground) Thrush (Zoothera andromedae) Timor: Gunung Mutis: 1 male

Island Thrush (Turdus poliocephalus) * Timor: Gunung Mutis - common

Pygmy Wren-babbler (Pnoepyga pusilla) Timor: Gunung Mutis

Timor Stubtail (Urosphena subulata) (T) * Timor: Camplong, Kapan, Bipolo - common Call is a quiet high pitched "seeeeeeee"

Sunda Bush-warbler (Cettia vulcania) (Indonesian Bush Warbler) * Timor: Kapan: common

(T)

(>,S,J,T)

Buff-banded Bushbird (Buetikofferella bivittata) (T) (Buff-banded Grassbird) Monotypic endemic genus of Timor. * Timor: Kapan, Camplong, Bipolo A common ground-dweller of the forest edge. Heavy response to tape play-back.

Clamorous Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus stentoreus) * Timor: Bipolo: 1 singing in reedbed.

zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis) I Golden-headed Cisticola (Cisticola exilis) [Bright-capped Cisticola] Sumba: Lewapakui Timor: Bipolo several cisticola's seen - both species occur

Timor Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus presbytes) (T) * Timor: Camplong, Kapan, Gng Mutis

Yellow-breasted Warbler (Seicercus montis) Timor: Gunung Mutis, at higher altitudes

Russet-backed Rhinomyias (Rhinomvias oscillans) (T) [Russet-backed Jungle-Flycatcher] Sumba: several Lewapaku

Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa segreqata) (Sumba Brown Flycatcher - M Daurica) (T) * Lewapaku: quite common and responsive to tape play-back Sometimes considered as a full species.

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Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra) Timor: Gunung Mutis, higher altitudes.

Sumba FlYcatcher (Ficedula harterti) . (T) * Sumba: Lewapaku: quite common

Little 'Pied Flycather (Ficedula westermanni) Timor: probably seen (female) in Camplong

Black-banded Flycatcher (Ficedula timorensis) Timor: Camplong, Kapan

(T)

Timor Blue FlYcatcher (Cyornis hyacinthinus) (T) * Timor: Common and vocal. Camplong, Gng Mutis, Kapan, Bipolo

Grey-headed Flycatcher (Culicicapa ceylonensis.) * Sumba: Lewapaku: common & vocal

Plain Gerygone (Gerygone inornata) (T) (Plain Flyeater) * Timor: Camplong, Bipolo, Kapan,

Asian Paradise-flycatcher' (Tersiphone paradisi) Sumba: Lewapaku

Spectacled Monarch (Monarcha trivirgatus) * Sumba: Lewapaku: several

Northern Fantail (Rhipidura rufiventris) (M,T,I, » * Timor: Camplong, Bipolo, Kapan

Rufous Fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons) (C,M,T,I, » * Sumba: Lewapaku: quite common Timor: Camplong, Bipolo, Kapan, Gunung Mutis

Fawn-breasted Whistler (Pachycephala orpheus) (T) * Timor: Camplong, Bipolo, Common and vocal.

Common Golden Whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis) * Sumba: Lewapaku. Common. Very vocal at dawn. Timor: Kapan, Camplong,

Great Tit (Parus major) Sumba: common

Thick-billed Flowerpecker Timor: Kapan, Camplong

Red-chested Flowerpecker Timor: Camplong, Kapan

(Dicaeum agile)

(Dicaeum maugei) (J,C,T)

Blood-breasted Flowerpecker (Dicaeum sanguinolentum) Sumba: Lewapaku: several Timor: Gng Mutis

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(J,T)

Brown-throated Sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis) Sumba: almost certainly observed

Apricot-breasted Sunbird (Nectarinia buettikoferi) (T) * Sumba: Lewapaku: quite common

Flame-breasted Sunbird (Nectarinia solaris) (T) * Timor: Camplong, Bipolo

Yellow-spectacled White-eye (ZosteroDs wallacei) . (T) * Sumba: Lewapaku: quite common.

Ashy-bellied White-eye (Zosterops citrinellus) Sumba: Lewapaku Timor: common in Bipolo, Camplong, Gunung Mutis, Kapan,

Spot-breasted Darkeye (Heleia muelleri) (T) (Spot-breasted White-eye) Timor: Kapan, Camplong

BroWn Honey-eater (Lichmera indistincta) (J,T,I,» (Indonesian Honey-eater - Lichmera limbata) Sumba: Lewapaku Timor: Camplong, probably also at Gunung Mutis

Yellow-eared Honey-eater (Lichmera flavicans) (T) Timor: Gunung Mutis (common), Kapan, Camplong

Red-headed Myzomela (Myzomela erythrocepahala) (T, I, » Sometimes considered as a full species: Sumba Myzomela (Myzomela dammermani), endemic to Sumba Sumba: Small nOs seen around Lewapaku

Red-rumped Myzomela (Myzomela vulnerata) (T) (Timor Myzomela) Timor: Camplong, Kapan

Streak-breasted Meliphaga (Meliphaqa reticulata) (T) (Streaky-breasted Honeyeater) Timor: Camplong, Bipolo, Kapan

Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus) (T) (Plain Friarbird) common * Timor: Bipolo, Camplong, Kapan

Helmeted Friarbird (Philemon buceroides) * Sumba: Lewapaku Timor: Kapan, Bipolo (abundant)

Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava) Sumba: Lewapaku: very common in scrub. Timor: Camplong

Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) Timor: Bipolo: common

26

Black-faced Munia (Lonchura molucca) Timor: Bipolo, Camplong

Scaly-breas,ted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) Timor:' Bipolo, Camplong, Kapan Sumba: Lewapaku

Five-coloured Munia (Lonchura guinticolor) (T) Sumba: Yambu: one flock

Timor Sparrow (Padda fuscata) (T) Timor: Camplong: 5+

Short-tailed Starling (Aplonis minor) (Lesser Glossy Starling) Sumba: Lewapaku, common Timor: Gunung Mutis, Bipolo (common)

White-vented Myna (Acridotheres javanicus) Sumba: common near Waingapu - feral

Timor Oriole (Oriolus melanotis) (T) (Olive brown Oriole) * Timor: Camplong, Gunung Mutis, Kapan, Bipolo

Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis) * Timor, Sumba: common

Timor Figbird (Sphecoteres viridis) (a split from Green Figbird) Timor: Kapan, Camplong, Bipolo

Wallacean Drongo , (Dicrurus densus) Sumba: Lewapaku: common. Timor: Kapan, Gunung Mutis, Bipolo

(T)

(T)

White-breasted Woodswallow (Artamusleucorhynchus) Sumba: Lewapaku Timor: Bipolo, Gng Mutis

Black-faced Woodswallow (Artamus cinereus) Timor: Bipolo: at least 2 in agricultural land along the coast (07.10.95)

Large-billed Crow Timor: Camplong, Fatumnasi, Gunung Mutis, Sumba: Lewapaku: regularly seen

27

/

LITE~ATURE, REFERENCES, INFORMATION

* Andrews T. Birding in Indonesia. 1988. 38 p.

* Andrew P. (1992). The birds of Indonesia - a checklist (Peters' sequence). Indonesian Ornithological Society.

* Collar, N. J. & Andrew, P. (1993). Birds to watch 2: The ICBP world checklist of threatened birds. Cambridge, U.K. ICBP

* Forshaw, JM. 1978. Parrots of the world. Melbourne. Landsdowne.

* Gibbs D. "Wallacea". 1989 + 1990 update + tape with some useful birds sounds on it.

* Goodwin D. 1983. Pigeons & doves of the world. Cornell. Univ. Press.

* ICBP (1992). Putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation. Cambridge. UK. International Council for Bird Preservation.

* Juhaeni Deddy. Little known bird: Sumba Hornbill. In Orien­tal Bird Club Bulletin n018, november 1993, p. 19-20

* Jones. J. Martin, Linsey Mark D. & Marsden Stuart. Populati­on sizes, status and habitat associations of the restricted­range bird species of Sumba, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International (1995) 5:21-52.

* Lonely Planet. General travel info. The travel survival kit of "Lonely Planet" for Indonesia was adequate for general info.

* Noske. RA. At the crossroads of two avifauna - Timor. Oriental Bird Club Bulletin N° 21 - july 1995, p.34-38

* Oriental Bird Club. Indonesian birding itineraries. 1993. 16 pages. (info on Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Halmahera, Ternate, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Kai, Tanimbar, Ambon & Seram) .

* Simpson et al. Field guide to the birds of Australia. A book of identification. Christopher Helm - London. 1991. 352p.

* Smith Steve. Tape recordings: Bird recordings from the Lesser Sundas.

* White, C.M.N. and M.D. Bruce, 1986. The birds of Wallacea. (Sulawesi, the Moluccas & Lesser Sundas - Indonesia) British Ornithologists Union. N°7. London.

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