Biowaste Disposal and Utilization
24
Biowaste Disposal and Utilization John Scanga Center for Red Meat Safety Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University
-
Upload
harrison-barton -
Category
Documents
-
view
35 -
download
1
description
Biowaste Disposal and Utilization. John Scanga Center for Red Meat Safety Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University. Historical Events of Importance. 1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Biowaste Disposal and Utilization
Biowaste Disposal and UtilizationBiowaste Disposal and UtilizationJohn Scanga
Center for Red Meat SafetyDepartment of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
John ScangaCenter for Red Meat Safety
Department of Animal SciencesColorado State University
Historical Events of ImportanceHistorical Events of Importance
1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE
1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins to Ruminants
1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication Program
2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak
2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted Surveillance
May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE
December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington
1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE
1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins to Ruminants
1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication Program
2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak
2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted Surveillance
May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE
December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington
Risks from chemicalsRisks from chemicals
Euthanasia agents• pentobarbital
Antimicrobials
Pesticides
Predator control compounds• 1080• strychnine
Euthanasia agents• pentobarbital
Antimicrobials
Pesticides
Predator control compounds• 1080• strychnine
Agents of ConcernAgents of ConcernBacteria
• Anthrax
• Clostridial organisms
• Salmonella spp.
• E. coli O157:H7
• Listeria monocytogenes
Bacteria
• Anthrax
• Clostridial organisms
• Salmonella spp.
• E. coli O157:H7
• Listeria monocytogenes
Viruses
• Foreign disease viruses• Cryptosporidia• Giardia
Viruses
• Foreign disease viruses• Cryptosporidia• Giardia
Fungal Diseases• Blastomycosis• Cryptococcosis• Coccidioidomycosis• Aspergillosis
Fungal Diseases• Blastomycosis• Cryptococcosis• Coccidioidomycosis• Aspergillosis
TSE’s
• CWD• Scrapie• BSE
TSE’s
• CWD• Scrapie• BSE
Risks From CarcassesRisks From Carcasses
Transfer of disease
• Humans
• Animals – livestock, wildlife, pets
• Environment
Maintenance of disease in populations
Contamination
• Air
• Water
• Soil
Transfer of disease
• Humans
• Animals – livestock, wildlife, pets
• Environment
Maintenance of disease in populations
Contamination
• Air
• Water
• Soil
Livestock Mortalities in the U.S.Livestock Mortalities in the U.S.
Number (1,000) Weight (1,000 lbs)
Dairy Cattle 804.0 449,227.3
Beef Cattle 3,327.8 1,482,952.5
Hogs 17,927.7 981,655.2
Sheep 281.5 21,957.0
Lambs 486.2 37,923.6
Goats 65.0 4,225.0
Total Mammalian 22,892.2 2,977,940.6
Total Poultry 82,453.5 346,629.7
TOTAL 1,053,457,000 33,245,704,000
Number (1,000) Weight (1,000 lbs)
Dairy Cattle 804.0 449,227.3
Beef Cattle 3,327.8 1,482,952.5
Hogs 17,927.7 981,655.2
Sheep 281.5 21,957.0
Lambs 486.2 37,923.6
Goats 65.0 4,225.0
Total Mammalian 22,892.2 2,977,940.6
Total Poultry 82,453.5 346,629.7
TOTAL 1,053,457,000 33,245,704,000Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002
The Issues in ColoradoThe Issues in Colorado
• US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002)22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock mortalities
• Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003) 205,800 head/month132.3 million lb/month
• US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002)22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock mortalities
• Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003) 205,800 head/month132.3 million lb/month
Estimated annual volume of dead livestock in Colorado (NASS, 2001)Inventory Mortality Potential Volume
Cattle 3,150,000 3 – 6 % 94,500 – 189,000Hogs 840,000 3 – 6 % 25,000 – 50,400Sheep 420,000 7 – 10 % 29,400 – 42,000Horses 145,000 3 – 5 % 4,350 – 7,250
Cost Estimates for Disposal Cost Estimates for Disposal
Rendering Rendering
(Pre-1997) (Post-1997)
Cattle & Calves ($/hd) $8.25 $24.11
Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $7.00 $11.53
Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $0.50 $0.70
Other ($/hd) $7.00 $9.61
Operating Costs ($1,000) $93,470 $194,470
Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002
“What types of Bio-waste do you most commonly produce?” n=237“What types of Bio-waste do you most commonly produce?” n=237
02468
1012141618
Easte rnn=49
F. Rangen=83
S . C e ntraln=27
W e ste rnn=71
O ut of S taten=7
4-D Lvst 4-D C om panion Anm l Dom e stic Lvst O ffal
Exotic Lvst O ffal Re tai l Me at W aste O the r
% o
f R
espo
nden
ts
0
24
6
810
12
1416
18
Renderer Composter Landfill Crematory Other
Eastern n=45 Front Range n=80 South Central n=21
Western n=55 Out of State n=4
“What is the current destination of the Bio-waste you produce?”
N=205
SOURCE: Phelps et al., 2003
% o
f R
espo
nden
ts
Cost Estimates for DisposalCost Estimates for Disposal
Burial Incineration Composting
Cattle & Calves ($/hd) $10.63 $9.33 $30.34
Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $12.45 $4.09 $14.04
Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $2.01 $0.30 $1.02
Other ($/hd) $1.51 $0.29 $0.98
Operating Costs ($1,000) $109,898 $57,879 $191,643
Fixed Costs ($1,000) N/A $1,379,646 $2,146,116
Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002
Chemical DigestionChemical Digestion
Cost Consideration- InstallationCost Consideration- Installation
Digester Unit – approximately $400,000 for a 2000 lb unit
Installation costs – Approximately $500,000 for steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups, enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups
Effluent handling system--$100,000 - $500,000
Total > $1,000,000
Digester Unit – approximately $400,000 for a 2000 lb unit
Installation costs – Approximately $500,000 for steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups, enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups
Effluent handling system--$100,000 - $500,000
Total > $1,000,000
SOURCE: Powers, 2003
Cost Consideration - OperationCost Consideration - Operation
Steam, water, electricity ($0.01/lb)Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) ($0.02/lb)Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles)
($0.04/lb)Sewer costs ($0.07/lb)Maintenance/Service/Repair ($0.02/lb)
Total operation ($0.16/lb)
Steam, water, electricity ($0.01/lb)Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) ($0.02/lb)Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles)
($0.04/lb)Sewer costs ($0.07/lb)Maintenance/Service/Repair ($0.02/lb)
Total operation ($0.16/lb)
SOURCE: Powers, 2003
IncinerationIncineration
•Set-Up Cost $85,000•Capacity 80-100 hd/24 hours•1 lb of fuel/1 lb of carcass•600-700° C SOURCE: Colorado Department of Agriculture
Anaerobic DigestionAnaerobic Digestion
Cost of Anaerobic Digestion Compared to Covered LagoonCost of Anaerobic Digestion Compared to Covered Lagoon
System Construction Cost Electricity Savings
Single Cell $301,500 $0
Double Cell $357,500 $0
Covered Single Cell $476,500 $0
Covered Double Cell $473,500 $0
Single Cell w/75kW Genset $375,000 ~$40,000
Retrofit Lagoon $250,000 ~$40,000
SOURCE: Lewis, 2003
CompostingComposting
Land filling or BurialLand filling or Burial
TDP End ProductsTDP End Products
Water 45%
Minerals and Coke 6%
Org
anic
Liq
uor/
Oil
44%
Gas
5%
SOURCE: Halberstadt, 2003
