Biotechnology Biotechnology Vocabulary ReviewVocabulary Review

The Living Environment - NYS 2.2 – The student The Living Environment - NYS 2.2 – The student should be able to explain how the technology of should be able to explain how the technology of genetic engineering allows humans to alter the genetic engineering allows humans to alter the

genetic makeup of organismsgenetic makeup of organisms

PB 09

Remember to wait for the vocabulary word to pop up at the end! Can you guess it before it comes up?

Selective BreedingSelective Breeding

Method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired

characteristics to produce the next generation

Hybridization Hybridization

Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the

best traits of both organisms

http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/UserFiles/Image/siteImages/B73Mo17,hybridPlantsLG.gif

InbreedingInbreeding

Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

PolyploidPolyploid

Having many sets of chromosomes

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/resources/crops/ag546-1/helixes3.jpg

Restriction EnzymeRestriction Enzyme

An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

Gel ElectrophoresisGel Electrophoresis

A procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and apply

an electrical voltage to the gel

http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_02_img0140.jpg

Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

http://www.obgynacademy.com/basicsciences/fetology/genetics/images/chimericDNA.gif

Polymerase Chain ReactionPolymerase Chain Reaction

Technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

For centuries, certain animals have been For centuries, certain animals have been crossed to produce offspring that have crossed to produce offspring that have desirable qualities. Dogs have been desirable qualities. Dogs have been mated to produce Labradors, beagles, mated to produce Labradors, beagles, and poodles. All of these dogs look and and poodles. All of these dogs look and behave very differently from one behave very differently from one another. This technique of producing another. This technique of producing organisms with specific qualities is known organisms with specific qualities is known as…as…

GeneReplication

NaturalSelection

RandomMutation

SelectiveBreeding

NYS Regents June 2008

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Which statement best explains the Which statement best explains the observation that clones produced from observation that clones produced from the same organism may not be identical?the same organism may not be identical?

Events in meiosis result in variation

NYS Regents June 2007

Gene expression can be influenced by the environment

Differentiated cells have different genes

Half the genetic information in offspring comes from each parent

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The flounder is a species of fish that can live in The flounder is a species of fish that can live in very cold water. The fish produces an very cold water. The fish produces an ‘antifreeze’ protein that prevents ice crystals ‘antifreeze’ protein that prevents ice crystals from forming in its blood. The DNA for this from forming in its blood. The DNA for this protein has been identified. An enzyme is used protein has been identified. An enzyme is used to cut and remove this section of flounder DNA to cut and remove this section of flounder DNA that is then spliced into the DNA of strawberry that is then spliced into the DNA of strawberry plants. As a result, the plant can now produce a plants. As a result, the plant can now produce a protein that makes it more resistant to the protein that makes it more resistant to the damaging effects of frost. This process is known damaging effects of frost. This process is known as…as…

Sorting ofGenes

GeneticEngineering

RecombinationOf

Chromosomes

Mutation bydeletion of

genetic material

NYS Regents June 2007

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How does altering the DNA of a peanut How does altering the DNA of a peanut affect the proteins in peanuts that cause affect the proteins in peanuts that cause allergic reactions?allergic reactions?

The altered DNA is used to synthesize changed forms of these proteins.

NYS Regents June 2007

The altered DNA leave the nucleus and becomes part of the allergy-producing protein.

The altered DNA is the code for the antibodies against the allergens.

The altered DNa is used as an enzyme to break down the allergens in peanuts.

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