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IPM in relation to the Technological Advances (Biotechnology) and Commerce, Politics, the

public and the environment.

Johari Jalinas

Centre for Insects Systematic,

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences

Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

e-mail: johari_j@ukm.my

The definition of the Integrated Pest Management is the pest management

system using various suitable and compatible techniques, socially acceptable (people

acceptance), environmental friendly (environmental safe) that keep the pest population

level below the Economic Injury Level which could cause economic injury to the crops.

There are many strategies in Integrated Pest Management such as behavioral

manipulation, biological control, ecological engineered agroecosystem, host plant

resistance, chemical control and cultural control.

IPM in relation to the Technological Advances (Biotechnology)

Technological advances (Biotechnology) are very important to improve the

technique in IPM. New technologies in biotechnology had recently solved the problem

related to Insecticide Resistant of the pest to chemical pesticides. New method such as

host plant resistance to insect pest had also given a very good result to repel the attackfrom the pest. For example: the establishment of the cotton plant that is inserted the gene

ofBacillus thurigiensies (Cr gene) that produce endotoxin which effectively kill the pest

of the cotton plant. The establishment of the sterile insect techniques also had given a

promising future in controlling the fruitflies (Bactocera sp). The male of the fruitflies had

been sterile (using gamma radiation or x-tray) and become infertile and then it released to

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the field and subsequently mating with fertile female. Then, the female produce the

unhealthy egg and cannot hatch. As a result, the population of the fruitflies can be

controlled in that particular agro-ecosystem.

IPM in relation to Commerce

IPM is very importance in the economy for the countries which relied on the

agriculture as the main income for their people. The establishment of the insecticide

insect resistant had caused many farmers all around the world loss billion of USD dollar.

Integrated pest management is the system that used various suitable and compatible

friendly that keep the pest population level below that could cause economic. The success

of implementation of IPM will produce more profit and at the same time it also protects

the environment and public around the agro-ecosystem.

IPM in relation to Politics

The implementation of IPM is related to politics of that particular country. The acts and

the rules of the implementation of IPM are made by the parliamentary members,

government agencies such as MARDI, FRIM, KASTAM, PORIM, MOA, and DOA. The

acts and rules related to using of Pesticides, Chemical poison, Safety, import and export

and important so that IPM can be implemented effectively and efficiently. The body that

link to farmers should educate the farmers so that they follow the rules and acts that had

been made by the government. The enforcement the acts and the laws by the authority

must be conducted effectively. The bribe also should be prevented in the implementation

of the IPM so that the effort by many share-holders will not waste. Every share-holder

should responsible for their action and they should not only think about the profits and

money but they should consider the environment and people around the agro-ecosystems.

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IPM in relation to the publics and the environment

Integrated pest management is the best solutions that can safe the environment from the

using of mass number of pesticide in the agriculture land. The mass used of pesticide had

caused a lot effect to environment such as air pollution, water pollution and subsequentlyaffecting other organisms.

Pesticides used in agriculture had cause a lot of problem to human health. Pesticide

residues in food items have been a concern to environmental and consumer groups of

their wide spread use. Most pesticides, especially, the organochlorines are very resistant

to microbial degradation. Pesticides accumulate in human body fats and the environment

posing problems to human health. In addition to the direct costs of the pesticides, long-

term and highly concentrated application of pesticides may contaminate the products offield crops, as well as pose a serious danger to the agro-ecosystem.

If the agriculture is not really implemented as acted by laws or acts, it will contribute to

unsustainable land resource exploitation: high poverty levels, due to historic low world

coffee prices and the subsequent loss of work on plantations and orchards farming

(example: coffee, vegetable and orchard); intense demographic pressures, with

population growth rates amongst the highest in the world; and a lack of knowledge and

incentives to manage agricultural land sustainably.

References:

G. Darko and S. O. Acquaah. 2007. Levels of organochlorine pesticides residues in meat.

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 4 (4): 521-524,