BIOTECHNOLOGY

DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)

Steps to DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)

DNA is extracted from sample (skin, blood, etc.)

DNA is “cut” with restriction enzymes to make different length pieces (restriction fragment length polymorphisms – rflps)

fragments are then separated using gel electrophoresis

Electrophoresis Simulation Website http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/gel/

The gel is stained or Xrays taken, producing an obvious band of fragments resembling bar codes on products

DNA fingerprints can be used to...

diagnose genetic disorders and identify carriers

analyze evidence at crime scenes (some placed in CODIS-Combined DNA Index System)

evidence of paternitypersonal identity

Measure the Agar Powder

Dissolve the Powder and Heat

Casting the Tray

Loading the Wells

X-raying the Gel

Finished X-Ray of Gel

Complete the Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab!

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtualLabs.html

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

DNA from two organisms are combined

gene from one organism is spliced into another one

Uses of Recombinant DNA

manufacture of insulin manufacture of Factor VIII

manufacture of HGH (human growth hormone)

TPA for dissolving blood clots (for patients that have had heart attacks)

vaccines such as for hepatitis B and Gardasil (the genes for virus proteins are inserted into yeast)

medication that stimulates growth of bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant

anti-cancer medications

GM (genetically modified) food crops

In 2006, a total of 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted in 22 countries by 10.3 million farmers!

most GM food crops are insect-resistant, drought-resistant, etc.

some GM foods are engineered to have increased levels of vitamins, such as golden rice

Are you eating GM foods?More than 60% of food products on

grocery shelves contain some crop that has been genetically modified!

For example, 81% of the soybean products are GM

60% of canola products are from GM canola plants

Are you wearing GM plant products?

71% of the cotton used in textiles is GM

(cottonseed oil can also be found in salad dressing, peanut butter, crackers, cookies, and other foods)

How do you find out about the government’s regulations on GM products?

Get information from the government’s web site at http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/

genetically engineered bacteria to clean oil spills

larger amounts of ethanol for fuel (biofuel)

transgenic animals in the future could be used for organ transplantation

Complete the Bacterial Transformation Virtual Lab!!

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtualLabs.html

CLONING

Organisms with identical DNA are clones

Identical twins are clonesPlants produced by “rooting”

are clones

Some animals are cloned when they are damaged and divided, such as earthworms or starfish

We have cloned some animals are artificial means

Who Was Dolly?

In 1997, British scientists successfully cloned a sheep by transferring the nucleus from the cell of an adult sheep into the cytoplasm of an eunucleated fertilized egg. The egg was then transplanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother where it developed like a normal zygote into a lamb, which grew into a normal adult sheep called 'Dolly'

Nuclear Transfer

Benefits of Cloning

Survival of endangered species

a gaur is an

endangered animal

in Asia and has

been successfully

cloned

Maintenance of high quality livestock for food

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in 2008, concluded that “edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals.”

Economical importance – cloning favorite pets is expensive

Cc (Carbon Copy)

Genetics Savings and Clone was a company that cloned pets for $50,000

Without many customers, the company closed

Statement issued 4/2/09 by the BioTechnology Industry Organization

“The biotechnology industry has developed and commercialized more than 300 drugs and diagnostics that are helping more than 325 million people worldwide and another 400 or so products are in the pipeline.”  

The Human Genome Project

Project goals were to identify all the approximately

20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA

determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA

store this information in databases

improve tools for data analysis address the ethical, legal, and

social issues that may arise from the project

Francis Collins fromthe publicly-fundedHuman GenomeProject and J. CraigVenter, head of theprivate company Celera Genomics, jointlyannounce a workingdraft of the humangenome

Gene Therapy

Inserting foreign genes into a person to correct a defect

Can be used to kill cancer cells

Potential cures for genetic disorders such as hemophilia

Or for

cystic

fibrosis

In 1990, Ashantide Silva was thefirst person to becured with genetherapy; cured ofADA deficiency (animmune systemdisorder)

STEM CELLSUndifferentiated cells that have

the genes to become any type of cell of that organism

Primarily found in embryos, but can also be found in adults, such as stem cells in the bone marrow that divide to make all blood cells

If cells can be induced to differentiate into a specific type of cell, they can be used to repair damage, such as people with permanent spinal cord injuries or potentially treat Parkinson’s

SELECTIVE BREEDING

Artificially selecting and breeding organisms with a desired trait

Most domesticated animals and crops are selectively bred

Hybridization is a type of selective breeding often used in plants

Hybrids are made by breeding organisms that show strong selection for two different traits to produce offspring that produce both traits

Offspring are often hardier than the parents; called hybrid vigor