Biotechnology

1. Analysis of Clonal DNA

2. DNA Cloning

3. Stem Cells

4. Practical Applications of DNA Technology

DNA Cloning Recombinant DNA

Major tool-restriction enzymes; discovered in late 1960’s, cut DNA at restriction site, highly specific, manufactured by bacteria

Cloning vector-carrier for moving DNA into a cell

http://www.wehi.edu.au/education/wehitv/restriction_enzyme_ecor1/

Procedure for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid

How to get a eukaryotic gene to function in a prokaryote

Basic problem: introns!! Solution: production of

cDNA (artificially produced

DNA that is made by using reverse transcriptase on a mRNA)

DNA Libraries

DNA can be cut with restriction enzymes and inserted into plasmids, inserted into bacteria, and stored; whole genome is maintained

cDNA libraries eliminate everything except the genes

PCR-polymerase chain reaction

Rapid amplification of a piece of DNA Billions of copies in a few hours Used by CSI, Jurassic Park? Prenatal diagnosis

Gel Electrophoresis

Produces DNA “fingerprints” Separates RFLP’s by using an electrical field Can be used to identify some genetic

diseases Presence of a particular gene Used as genetic markers

Other Technologies

Hybridization Human Genome Project Physical mapping Sequencing DNA Genome Analysis (DNA sequences, gene

expression, and gene function)

Cloning Plants

Cloning Animals-nuclear transplantation

Stem Cells

Unspecialized cell that can reproduce and differentiate

Types of stem cells

Embryonic stem cells from blastula

Adult stem cells

Practical Applications of DNA Technology

Disease diagnosis Gene Therapy Pharmaceutical products Forensic uses Environmental applications Agricultural applications

iRNA

Videos and Websites

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/0302/04.html

http://www.geneticorigins.org/mito/mitoframeset.htm http://genomics.energy.gov/ http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/cycseq.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/

animations/content/pcr.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/

animations/content/plasmidcloning.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/index.html

Websites and Videos

http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pecorino2.html

http://www.dnai.org/index.htm http://people.ibest.uidaho.edu/~etop/vgp/

index.html http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/

restriction.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/

animations.html