Biotech Development in Veg Crops 03 by bhavesh

8/14/2019 Biotech Development in Veg Crops 03 by bhavesh

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Biotechnology It is recognized asdiscipline where basic and applied

sciences are working together handin hand Several basic scientific disciplines like

Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry,Biochemistry, Biophysics and Engineeringhave an interface with biotechnology

Primary objective is to develop productsand processes/technology whose large scaleapplication results in societys benefits in

sector of health, agriculture, animalresources, development, aquaculture,energy, environment, forest and industry.


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TECHNOLOGYBIO

The use of

biological processesTo solve problems

or to make useful

products

BIOTECHNOLOGY


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Biotechnology as a multidisciplinary field

Biotechnology

Biochemistry

Agriculture

Marine

GeneticsPharmacology

Molecular

Biology

ImmunologyMicrobiology

Industrial

Biotechnology


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MAHARASHTRA BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY-2001

To develop the biotechnology industry in the state in orderTo provide high yielding, drought and pest resistant crops

suited to the agro-climatic conditions of the state.

To develop cheaper and effective technology to purify the

water resources.

To improve the livestock and marine stock in order to increase

the earning capacity.

To enhance the value and utility of medicinal plants.

To Improve the quality of life through better health and better

environment.

Contd


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To develop the world class higher education and

research.

Tocreate high quality employment in the state.

Tocreate and support institutions for biotechnology

industry.

To develop human resources for application of

biotechnology.


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Biotechnological developmentincreases after 10 yrs of

commercialization

Global area reached 90 million hectares, up 11 percent in2005 as compared to 81 million hectares in 2004

8.5 million farmers in 21 countries planted biotech cropsas compared to 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries in 2004

Herbicide-tolerant soybeans remained the most widelyadopted trait, followed by insect-resistant maize.

More than fifty-fold increase from 1.7 million hectares insix countries in 96

In 2005, there were fourteen biotech mega-countries(countries growing 50,000 hectares -125,000 acres - ormore, of biotech crops), compared with ten in 2003 - 9developing countries and 5 industrial countries; they were,

in order of hectarage/acreage, USA, Argentina, Canada,Brazil, China, Paraguay, India, South Africa, Uruguay,


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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007:

Industrial and Developing Countries (Million Hectares)

Total

Industrial

Developing

Source: Clive James, 2008


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Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007:

By Crop (Million Hectares)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Soybean

Maize

Cotton

Canola



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91

64%0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Soybean Cotton Maize Canola

Conventional

Biotech

35

43%

148

24%

27

20%


Global Adoption Rates (%) for Principal

Biotech Crops (Million Hectares) 2007M Acres

346

247

198

99

148

49

0

297

396


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Biotech Crop Countries and Mega-Countries, 2007


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Global Area of Biotech Crops in 2007: by Country(Million Hectares)

Rank Country Area (m. ha) Biotech Crops

1* USA* 57.7 Soybean, maize, cotton, canola, squash,papaya, alfalfa

2* Argentina* 19.1 Soybean, maize, cotton

3* Brazil* 15.0 Soybean, cotton

4* Canada* 7.0 Canola, maize, soybean

5* India* 6.2 Cotton

6* China* 3.8 Cotton, tomato, poplar, petunia, papaya,sweet pepper

7* Paraguay* 2.6 Soybean

8* South Africa* 1.8 Maize, soybean, cotton

9* Uruguay* 0.5 Soybean, maize

10* Philippines* 0.3 Maize

11* Australia* 0.1 Cotton

12* Spain* 0.1 Maize

13* Mexico* 0.1 Cotton, soybean


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14 Colombia


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Transgenics or GMOs aredefined as those organisms

with a gene or geneticconstruct of interest thathas been introduced by

molecular or recombinantDNA techniques


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The power of this technique lies inits ability to move genes from one

organism to crop plants to impart

novel characteristics

It is possible to transfer genetic

material from algae, bacteria,viruses or animals to plants or to

move genes between sexually

incompatible species

Transgenics


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VEGETABLES

Tomato, Potato, Eggplant

Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower

Cabbage, Sugarbeet, Carrot,

Cucumbers, Sweetpotato,

Cassava

FRUITS

Apple, Strawberry,

Walnut, Muskmelon,Papaya, Grape

Transgenic Cropsfor Food

EDIBLE OILSMustard

Oilseed rape

Canola

Sunflower

CEREALS

Wheat, RiceMaize, Rye

LEGUMES

Soybean, Pigeon pea,

Chick pea


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A li ti f GM


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Application of GMtechnology Improving yield

Nutritional improvement

Increasing shelf life of fruits and

vegetables by delayed ripening Conferring resistance to insects, pests

and viruses

Tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought,salt, water-logging)

Herbicide tolerance

Edible vaccines

GM crops Global stat s


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GM crops : Global status(2005)

Developing countries : 11 Industrial countries : 10

Countries joining the GM club in 2005 (Iran, Portugal,France & Czech Republic)

No. of EU countries growing GM (2005) : 3 to 5 (Spain &

Germany)

No. of farmers growing GM crops globally : 8.5 million

No. of Indian farmers growing GM crops : 1 million

First triple gene product (maize) released in US in 2005


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Dominant Biotech Crops, 2005

S.

No.

Crop MHa %Biotech

1 Herbicide tolerant soybean 54.4 60

2 Bt maize 11.3 13

3 Bt/herbicide tolerant maize 6.5 74 Bt cotton 4.9 5

5 Herbicide tolerant Canola 4.6 5

6 Bt/herbicide tolerant cotton 3.6 47 Herbicide tolerant maize 3.4 4

8 Herbicide tolerant cotton 1.3 2

Total 90.0 100%


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Category-I Category-II

Vegetable Identified problems Vegetables Identified problems

1. Brinjal Borer, Bacterial wilt Cabbage &Cauliflower

Diamond blacke moth

2. Potato & othertuber crops(cassava &

sweet potatoetc)

Late blight, bacterial wilt,viruses and Quality

reduction insweetening during

cold storage

Chilly / hotpepper

Viral diseases

3. Onion Fungal diseases Leguminousvegetables

(french bean,cow-pea etc)

Aphid

4. Okra Viral Diseases Cucurbits(cucumber,

bitter gourd)

Fruit fly, fungal and viraldiseases

6. - - Carrot Nutritional quality


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Target crops for transgenicresearch in India

Cereals Rice, Wheat, Maize

Grain legumes Chickpea, Mungbean,Black gram, Pigeonpea

Oilseeds Mustard, Ground nut

Vegetables Brinjal, Tomato, Potato, Chilli,Cabbage, Cauliflower

Fruits Papaya, Banana, Muskmelon

Medicinal plantsBrahmi

Others Cotton, Coffee, Tobacco


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Target traits

Disease resistance

Improving the quantity of theprotein

Increasing vitamin content

Stress tolerance

Herbicide resistance

Delayed ripening

Edible vaccine


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Bt cotton in India

Year Area undercultivation

(ha)2002 50,000

2003 100,000

2004 5,00,000

2005 13,00,000

I di F t t G th


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India-Fastest GrowthState-wise adoption of Bt cotton

State 2004 (ha) 2005 (ha) Rank

2004

Rank2005

Maharastra 200,000 590,000 1 1

Gujarat 130,000 150,000 2 3

Madhya Pradesh 85,000 145,000 3 4

Andhra Pradesh 80,000 280,000 4 2

Karnataka 18,000 30,000 5 6

Tamilnadu 10,000 25,000 6 7

Northern Zone (Punjab,Hr, Raj)

N/A 60,000 N/A 5

Total 500,000 13,00,000


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Golden rice - a geneticallyengineered rice containing -

carotene & other provitamin Acarotenoids in significant amounts inits grains.

-carotene & other provitamin Acarotenoids are converted to VitaminA as needed in the body Golden rice

designed to help reduce VAD indeveloping countries where rice isstaple in the diet


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Daffodils

Erwinia bacteria

GenesPlasmids

Agrobacteria

KernelHull

Embryo

Provitamin A

producing rice

embryo

12 3 4

Locally

important varieties


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Golden Rice opponents: Doubt the ability of golden rice to eliminate vitamin A

deficiency Say GE strategy at the expense of more relevant

approaches. Say better use the inexpensive and nutritious foods

already available

Golden rice is merely a marketing event Poor farmers have long been deprived of the right to

choose their means of production and survival. Goldenrice is not going to change that, and nor will any othercorporately-pushed GE crop.

Any further attempts at the commercial exploitation ofhunger and malnutrition through the promotion ofgenetically modified foods should be strongly resisted.

Coalition of anti-golden rice groups from severalcountries, Feb, 2001

STATUS OF GMO IN


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STATUS OF GMOs INAGRICULTURE

SO FAR 17 CROPS APPROVED FOR COMMERCIALCULTIVATION

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS ARE INSECTRESISTANCE, HERBICIDE TOLERANCE, VIRUS

RESISTANCE AND IMPROVED PRODUCT QUALITY

MAJOR COUNTRIES INCLUDE USA, CANADA, JAPAN,CHINA, EU, ARGENTINA, SOUTH AFRICA

ONLY FOUR CROPS BEING MARKETEDCOMMERCIALLY I.E., CORN, COTTON, SOYBEANAND CANOLA

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION INITIATED FOR

PAPAYA, SQUASH AND TOBACCO IN USA


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INDIAN STATUS

3 ONLY ONE CROP APPROVED

3 14 CROPS UNDER VARIOUS STAGES OF CONTAINED

FIELD TRIALS

3 INCLUDE BRINJAL, COTTON, CABBAGE,

GROUNDNUT, PIGEON PEA, MUSTARD, POTATO,

SORGHUM, TOMATO, TOBACCO, RICE, OKRA AND

CAULIFLOWER

3 TRAITS INCLUDE INSECT RESISTANCE, HERBICIDE

TOLERANCE, VIRUS RESISTANCE, NUTRITIONAL

ENHANCEMENT, SALT TOLERANCE, FUNGAL

RESISTANCE

Gl b l B fit 1996 2004


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Global Benefits 1996-2004

Decrease in pesticide applications: 172,000 metric tons Greenhouse gas emissions eliminated by reducing tillage:

10 million metric tons Diesel fuel saved by reduced tillage or plowing: 1.8 billion

liters Increase in net income for farmers: $27billion China: Cumulatively since 1997 the farm income benefit

has been $4.16 billion. In 2004, the net national gain tofarm income was $1.1 billion. India: At the national level, farm income gains amounted

to $6.1 million in 2002, $32.4 million in 2003 and $85.7million in 2004 (cumulative total of $124.2 million).

The planting of biotech crops has reduced theenvironmental footprint of cotton, corn, soy and canolaby 14 percent, as calculated using an establishedenvironmental index quotient (EIQ) that compares thepotential impacts of pesticides used in a conventionalfield to a field planted with a biotech crop.

Global value of biotech crop market projected at $5.5billion in 2006, an increase from $5.25 billion in 2005.Source: Graham Brookes and Peter Barfoot, 2005 (UK) & NCFAP (US)


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Biotech Development in Veg Crops 03 by bhavesh

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