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Transcript of Biosensors - University of Washingtondepts.washington.edu/mictech/optics/sensors/week8.pdf · w....
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Biosensors
Wei-Chih WangSouthern Taiwan University of
Technology
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Biosensors
Analyte: substances to be measuredSmall molecules: sugars, cholestrol, glutamic acid, phosphate, etc.Macro molecules: amino acid (DNA, RNA), peptide (protein, antibody, enzyme)
Receptor: sensing element responds to substance being measured, interaction is highly selective.
Enzyme, antibody, cellsTransducer: device converts physical or chemical changes due to analyte-receptor reactions to eletronic signals whose magnitude is proportional to the amount of the analyte
Electrochemical (potentiometric, voltammetric, conductimetric)Optical (fluorescence, absorbance, light scattering, refractive index)Field effect transistorMechanical, thermal, Piezoelectric, SAW, Magnetic
Signal processor: amplifier, filtration, correlation etc.
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Transduction Methods: Electrochemical
-Potentiometry :
the measurement of a cell
potential at zero currentsGlass membrane (ion-sensitive)
Electrode (reference)
Electrode
-Amperometry
in which an oxidizing (or reducing)
potential is applied between the cell
electrodes, and the cell current is
measured
Working Electrode
Reference electrode Auxiliary electrode
VrefVout
sensor
Bridge circuit
-Conductometry
where the conductance of the cell
is measured
5 cm 5 mm 10mm
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Ion Selective Field Effect Transistor
ISFETs sense the concentration (activity level) of a particular ion in a solution.Gate metal is replaced with an ion selective membrane.
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Current from source to drain related the gate potentialWhen there is a high concentration of positive ions in the solution, a lot of them willaccumulate on the gate, widening the channel between the source and drain. With a low concentration of positive charged ions, the channel will be narrow.
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The chip with cultured HEK293 cells is illuminated with blue light and observed through a filter that transmits some light reflected from the chip and the emission of green fluorescent protein used as a reporter for the transfectionwith maxi-KCa channels.
(Fronherz, 2001)
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Enzyme-based biosensor glucose oxidized based sensor
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- Light application for monitoring tissues and cells:
- A multi-parameter sensor-chip-based system
Advantages:- sensitivity- simple and compact- noninvasive !noninvasive !
Optical Sensors for Chemical or Biochemical Sensing
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- For use in optical microscopy and cellular biology- Measure the chemical properties of cells or monitor
chemical changes that take place within cells as they respondto external changes in their environment and to internal changes that occur in embryonic cells as an organism develops(on-line monitoring)
Integration of optical sensors into microfluidic system
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Transduction Methods : Optical
•Changes measured-Intensity-Frequency-Phase shift-Polarization
•Types of measurements-Absorbance(Oligo260nm, Peptide280nm)-Fluorescence-Refractive index-Light scattering
•Types of components-Fiber optics-Wave guides-Photodiode-Spectroscopy-Charge coupled device (CCD)-Single photon APD-Interferometers
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Optical Biosensor Basing on Evanescent Wave
•Separation between surface
and bulk
•Noise reduction due to small
observation volume
Evanescent Wave
Light Source
Prism
Detector
High index (glass)
Flow cell
Low index (Au or Ag)
Sensing layer
Evansescent wave
Surface Plasmon
Resonance (SPR)
1 2
Streptavidin
Biotin
Biotinylated capture probe
Biotinylated Fiber
Evanescent Wave Fiber
Optic Sensor
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Laser Induce Fluorescence (LIF) Based Detection
LaserDichoric
beamsplitter
Objective
•Very small probe volume (< 10-15L)
-Less Raman scattering noise from solution
-Less background luminescence
•Monochromatic excitation
-Noise from light source can be efficiently
filtrated
Extremely High Sensitivity
Enhance Signal to Noise Ratio
Detector
Pinhole
Band pass filter
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• Total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy sensing techniques used
(Sapsford K 2002)
Regenerable biosensor
• Electrochemical control of the binding and dissociation of antibody-antigen
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OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE
LIGHTMODE SPECTROSCOPY
Microvaccum Inc.
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Theory and Models
Ray-optic representation of a coupled and guided wave
Electromagnetic field distribution for a zerothmode
Microvaccum Inc.
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Microvaccum Inc.
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Microvaccum Inc.
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Immunosensor
Monomolecular chemoresponsive coating, which consists of immobilized antibody (Ab) molecules, that bind the corresponding antigen (Ag) molecules.
Microvaccum Inc.
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Chemosensor
With a typically 0,1-1 mm thick chemoresponsive layer whose refractive index is changed by binding the analytemolecules.
Microvaccum Inc.
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Proposed Optical Biosensor• Components
– Waveguide– Microfluidic channels
• How it works– based on total internal
reflection
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What to detect?
• DNA• Antibodies• Other molecules or chemicals
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- Oxygen sensor- oxygen regent sensor, (immobilized hemoglobin which changes color with absorbed oxygen), oxygen reflectance spectroscopy . - Carbon dioxide sensor- measured by monitoring pH of a bicarbonate-carbonic acid equilibrium mixture, according to the mass-reaction equation.
- Surface reaction measurement (i.e. chemicaly linked to waveguide in a manner which preserves the specific binding activity, transmission properties of guide are used to meaure antibody-antigen reaction) light scattering, fluorescence, absorption
- Flow sensor (laser-Doppler, interferometer)- Glucose detector (viscosity, absorption, reflection)- Concentration- pH sensor (hydrogen ion-pearmable membrane enclosing a colorimetric
pH indicator- optical sensor monitoring changes in reflectance as dye responds to pH changes)
- Acidity sensor
Biochemical Sensors
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- Turbidity (or scattering) measurement (determination of impurities in liquids and the measurement of particle size- oil in water monitoring reflectance probe)
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- Endoscopes - Laser surgery and therapy- Angioplasty-Temperature sensors (hyperthermia, cardiac monitoring, by thermodilution, tissue thermal damage monitoring)-Pressure sensor (cardiovascular, intracranial,neurologyurodynamics)- Chemical sensors:blood oximetry, pH, pO2, pCO2 (metabolic and respiratory problems, blood an tissue oxygen content, oxygen,hemoglobin dissociation curve)
Applications for Medical Instrumentation
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Material Requirements(Optical)
• Low loss– absorption– scattering
• Low fluorescence• High refractive index• Easy to fabricate
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Material Requirements(Fluidic)
Biocompatible
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic
Sufficient bond strength with optic components–Low temperature bonding necessary
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- The interface between live cells and sensor is one of the key issues of the design
- Study of biocompatible materials (i.e. PEG, PEO avoid adsorption of proteins, clogging with cells, immune response etc.)
- Study of gas or molecule absorbing materials (i.e. thermally responsive biopolymer ppNIPAM, enzyme,antibody, cells)
Biocompatibility
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Possible Materials
• Present– Si/Si3N4
– glass/ion-exchange– PDMS
• Future– PMMA – Mylar– Teflon
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Material Properties-Ion Exchange Glass
• Loss: 0.0006/cm• Fluorescence: 510112
(arb)• n = 1.47• Biocompatible: Yes• Hydrophilic
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Material Properties - PDMS
• Loss: 0.0008/cm• Fluorescence: 36383
(arb)• n = 1.5• Biocompatible: Yes• Hydrophobic
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Fabrication TechniquesBulk micro-machining
- Wet etching- Vapor-phase etching- Plasma/reactive ion etching- µmolding- Laser etching- screen printing
Surface micro-machining- Thin film process (sol-gel, wet etching, dry etching, film deposition, lift-off patterning, epitaxial growth etc.)- sacrificial process (phase-change release, plasma etching, sacrificial layer)- bonding process (anodic bonding, silicon fusion etc.)- laser etching- E-beam- LIGA