Biosensors, Polyaniline &

Carbon NanoTubes

A Biosensor will be used for detecting bacteria & viruses within only a few minutes

Main components on the biosensor not seen include the use of polyaniline and carbon nanotubes (CNT’s)

CNT’s and Polyaniline are used in the Capture Membrane

CNT’s are a special Carbon Allotrope. There are 8 Allotropes.

DIAMONDsare forever!

Each black ball is a carbon atomEach black ball is a carbon atomIt tends to form a cubic latticeIt tends to form a cubic latticeIt’s the hardest known natural It’s the hardest known natural mineralmineralIt has a high dispersion of lightIt has a high dispersion of light80% of mined diamonds are for 80% of mined diamonds are for industrial use as they are not of industrial use as they are not of jewelry quality.jewelry quality.What do they use them for in What do they use them for in industry?industry?

Graphite In Greek: “to draw/write”In Greek: “to draw/write” A conductorA conductor The most stableThe most stable Is used in pencilsIs used in pencils Carbon Carbon

forms informs inHexagonal Hexagonal planesplanes

Lonsdaleite

Identified in 1967 in a Identified in 1967 in a meteorite found in an meteorite found in an Arizonan craterArizonan crater

Believed to be Believed to be originally graphite originally graphite

due to the heat and due to the heat and pressure upon impact, pressure upon impact, it turned to diamond it turned to diamond but kept the crystal but kept the crystal structure of graphitestructure of graphite

FULLERENES Discovered 1985 by Discovered 1985 by a team of scientists a team of scientists from the US and from the US and EnglandEngland Shape of a hollow Shape of a hollow spheresphere Referred to as “buckyballs”Referred to as “buckyballs” Also known as C60. Why?Also known as C60. Why? Use nano-technology to combine the Use nano-technology to combine the

atoms in this wayatoms in this way Hopeful for use in tackling melanoma Hopeful for use in tackling melanoma

and other tough cancersand other tough cancers

C540 allotrope

Like all fullerenes, Like all fullerenes, C540 is a hollow C540 is a hollow spherical shape spherical shape created using created using nanotechnology.nanotechnology.

How many atoms of How many atoms of carbon are in it?carbon are in it?

C70 Another Another

Nanotech Nanotech creationcreation

What do all What do all Fullerenes Fullerenes have in have in common?common?

Amorphous Carbon (Coal & soot) Does not have any visible Does not have any visible

crystal structure or atomic crystal structure or atomic arrangement of carbon arrangement of carbon atomsatoms

Is found containing Is found containing crystallites of graphite crystallites of graphite and diamond (so small, and diamond (so small, it’s often nano size)it’s often nano size)

Coal has different grades Coal has different grades ranging from 55% - 90% ranging from 55% - 90% pure carbonpure carbon

CARBON NANO-TUBES

Stronger than Stronger than diamondsdiamonds

Conducts heat wellConducts heat well Can be made as either Can be made as either

an electrical an electrical conductor or conductor or semiconductorsemiconductor

CNT’s (Carbon NanoTubes) are now used for or being researched for…… Clothes – waterproof, tear resistant cloth fibersClothes – waterproof, tear resistant cloth fibers Military Combat Jackets – the ultra strong CNT fibers will monitor the condition Military Combat Jackets – the ultra strong CNT fibers will monitor the condition

of the soldierof the soldier Concrete – increases tensile strength and eliminates cracksConcrete – increases tensile strength and eliminates cracks Polyethylene plasticsPolyethylene plastics Sports equipment – lighter & stronger equipment as seen previouslySports equipment – lighter & stronger equipment as seen previously Space Elevator – possibly! It’s in the planning stagesSpace Elevator – possibly! It’s in the planning stages Artificial musclesArtificial muscles PaperPaper LCD screensLCD screens Nano wiresNano wires Computer circuitsComputer circuits Air and water filtersAir and water filters BIOSENSORS!!!!BIOSENSORS!!!!

What is the difference between each of the Allotropes? They look and feel differentThey look and feel different Uses are obviously differentUses are obviously different Some occur naturally, some are made using Some occur naturally, some are made using

nanotechnologynanotechnology They are all made of CARBON – so what about They are all made of CARBON – so what about

the development could cause Diamonds & CNT’s the development could cause Diamonds & CNT’s to be the strongest things known and Graphite & to be the strongest things known and Graphite & Coal the weakest?????????Coal the weakest?????????

BONDING – what is the difference? This is the first question in your project!This is the first question in your project!

Temperature & Pressure Conditions? This is the second question in your project!This is the second question in your project!

Phase Diagram for Carbon

Your Assignment! Choose one of the following four allotropes: Diamond, Choose one of the following four allotropes: Diamond,

Graphite, Fullerenes or Carbon NanotubesGraphite, Fullerenes or Carbon Nanotubes Make a Make a 3-d model of the C-C specific allotrope (diamond, 3-d model of the C-C specific allotrope (diamond,

graphite, CNT or Fullerene).graphite, CNT or Fullerene). Design a poster board with diagrams & photos to include all Design a poster board with diagrams & photos to include all

of the following:of the following: The Electron Configuration of Carbon along with the The Electron Configuration of Carbon along with the

electron arrowselectron arrows An explanation of hybridization in addition to your An explanation of hybridization in addition to your

allotropes specific sp2 or sp3 hybridizationallotropes specific sp2 or sp3 hybridization The angles of the bond & how it strengthens or weakens The angles of the bond & how it strengthens or weakens

your Carbon Allotropeyour Carbon Allotrope Explain the Heat & Pressure requirements for your Explain the Heat & Pressure requirements for your

AllotropeAllotrope