Bio security -A Foundational Principle

to Poultry Primary Breeders

Tilapia Workshop18 June 2009

Bill StanleyVeterinary Health DirectorDVM, MAM, MRCVSDiplomate ACPV

Disease: Clear and Present Danger!

BBC Focus December 2005

Primary Breeders

Current Global Market Shares

Total World PS Market- 379 million

52%

26%

6%

10%

3%

3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Aviagen

Cobb

Cobb-Tyson

Hubbard

Hybro

Other

Markets in the Future……

Growing to Meet Your Needs

Future ConsumersPOPULATION

(millions)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

Asia &Oceanic

LatinAmerica

USA &Canada

Europe MiddleEast &Africa

Per Capita Consumption

5.57.3

24.928.0

43.5 46.3

14.616.4

6.4 7.5

05

101520253035404550

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

Asia &Oceanic

LatinAmerica

USA &Canada

Europe MiddleEast &Africa

kilo

gram

s

352m

362m

“The USA, EU, and Brazil account for only 38% of the world’s population, but account for 63% of global chicken consumption”

Main Growth in per capita consumption2005 2013 Increase Human

Population (2007)

Increased Chickenmeat

required

USA 43 kg 47 kg 4kg 303m 1.2m tonnes

Brazil 32 kg 38 kg 6kg 191m 1.1m tonnes

Mexico 22 kg 28 kg 6kg 109m 0.6m tonnes

China 7.8 kg 10.8 kg 3kg 1.3bn 3.9m tonnes

India 1.5 kg 3.5 kg 2kg 1.1bn 2.2m tonnes

PRODUCTION(million metric tons)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

2004

2013

Asia &Oceanic

LatinAmerica

USA &Canada

Europe MiddleEast &Africa

Future Regional Production

8.4m 45%

1.4m 13%

4.1m 26%

2.3m 43%

2.8m 17%

• Asia is by far the greatest opportunity for volume growth

– China – 3.8 mmt (38%)– India – 2.5 mmt (154%)

• Latin America– Brazil – 2.2 mmt (25%)– Mexico – 0.7 mmt (34%)

• Europe– Western Europe – steady or declining– Russia – 0.7 mmt (68%)

• MEA– MEA high production costs,

vulnerable to meat imports– Africa, high potential - one day!

Why is biosecurity important?• Disease prevention• Why prevention vs reaction?

– Culling – Production losses– Costly medication– Broilers may not be marketable– Product quality suffers– Poultry companies may suffer

• Responsibility to supply chain• Loss of income

Biosecurity - Production costs

Effect of Disease on Breeder Performance (20k Breeders) %Production Consequences Disease Category

Example Pathogenicity Mortality Egg Prod.

Hatch

A ILT Severe +10 -30 -10 B IB Intermediate +5 -15 -5 C MG Mild +1 -5 -1

Adapted from Gifford et al. (1986)

Background• Diseases to control/prevent

• Diseases of poultry• Avian Influenza• Newcastle Disease• Mycoplasma

• Zoonoses of man• Salmonellosis• Avian Influenza• Campylobacter• E. coli• Listeria

Pedigree Selection

Genetic Improvement

GGPGGP

Grandparent StockGrandparent Stock

Parent StockParent Stock

BroilersBroilers

ProcessingProcessing

ConsumersConsumers

Industry Structure

Pedigree Selection

Genetic Improvement

GGP

Grandparent Stock

Parent Stock

Broilers

Processing/Retailers/Food ServiceConsumers

4 yearsHealth&

GenesFeedbackInterest groupsScience

ResourcesRegulation Research and Development

Improved stockBreeding programme

Control lines Development lines

The Production Process

Focus of Prevention in Primary Breeding

Vertical Transmission of Diseases

GGPsGGPs

GPsGPs

PSPS

Through Hatching Eggs

BroilersBroilers

Potential Sources for Disease

Source flocks(vertical)

Housing People

FeedOther poultry& livestock

Water

HatcheryEquipmentWild birds

Litter

Insects

Rodents

Background

• Introduction of modern farming practice– Increase / decrease disease risk by:

• All in / all out• No multi-age sites• Large numbers of birds in a small area.• Day old chicks of a high health status• Same Age and antibody status

In Practice• Audit (HACCP)

– Critical points• Day old chick quality

• People carry diseases.

• Equipment carries diseases.

• Nothing fully protects against a contaminated environment.

• Biosecurity is only as strong as the weakest point.

BACTERIOLOGY LIMITS

Hatcheries Limits Good Acceptable UnacceptablePer metre cubed Per metre cubed Per metre cubed

Bacterial Air Counts 0-200 201-500 >501Fungi 0 >1

Surface counts per 100cm^2 0-200 201-400 >401Box rooms / wash rooms 0-300 301-500 >501

SettersSurface counts per 100cm^2 0-100 101-200 >201

Water per ml tvc Good Acceptable UnacceptableMains 0-100 101-300 >301

After Uv must be<before UV 0-300 301-500 >501Ecoli 0 1

Pseudomonas 0 1

Pedigree Cleanouts per 100cm^2Petri films

Good Acceptable UnacceptableWalls,stanchion fanshafts 0-1200 1201-2000 >2001

Floors 0-2000 2001-4000 >4001Nestboxes 0-1000 1001-2000 >2001

Pedigree eggrooms Good Acceptable UnacceptableEvaluate with previous sampling Achieved below previous 20% increase 40-100% increase

Petri control sterile >1

GP Cleanouts per 100cm^2 Good Acceptable UnacceptableHylite

Walls floors stanchions <3000 3001-5000 >5001Fanshafts <5000 5001-10000 >10000Nestboxes <1500 1501-3000 >3001

Swab control 0-100 >101

Gp Eggrooms per 100cm^2 Good Acceptable UnacceptableHYLITE

Wall ground height <10000 10001-12000 >12001Floor <10000 10001-12000 >12001

cooler fan <10000 10001-12000 >12001swab control 0-100 >101

In Practice• Components

– Physical Barriers– Biological Barriers

• Vaccines • Probiotics

– Pharmacological Controls• Antibiotics• Coccidiostats

In Practice• Physical Barriers

– Farm location– How isolated – Local concentration poultry farms– Fencing – Internal organisation– Controlled access– Footwear/clothes

DUMFRIES

GLASGOW

PERTH

DUNDEE

EDINBURGH

CARLISLE

Scotland

England

Newbridge Office

Elite Hatchery

Elite & Trials

Farming Sites

GP Farms

Egg Depot

DUNBAR

Veterinary Laboratory

UK Facilities

In Practice• Physical Barriers

– Farm size – small farms / large farms– barrier (showers, etc) – House design– Other farm livestock– Insects – Wild birds– People

In Practice• Biologicals (Vaccines)

– Not 100% protection– Mistakes in storage/ administration– Changes in challenge (IB variants)– New or emerging diseases – Immunosupressive effects of vaccine– Vaccinal stress – Reduced uniformity

In Practice• Pharmaceuticals

• Antibiotics.• Coccidiostats

– Limited by• Resistance patterns• Risks of residues• Consumer concerns• Legislation

In Practice• Feed and Water

– Continual input– Raw material selection, decontamination– Some pathogens are difficult to kill– Feed handling– Drinking water

• 2ppm chlorine ( Cl- )

• UV treatment• Chlorine dioxide ( ClO2)

– Drinking systems must be clean

• Build rodent-proof houses • Eliminate harborage

areas• Dispose of mortality and

feed spills• House management and

sanitation• Inspection, baiting, and

trapping

Rodent Prevention

Monitoring

– To ensure diseases are not present

– To ensure vaccines work

– Effectiveness of Biosecurity

– To trigger an effective investigation

Monitoring– Biosecurity

– Monitoring system should be more sensitive than the diseases of concern.

– Good monitors are micro-organisms that have no effect on health status.

– REV seroconversion

– CAV seroconversion

– TVCs after clean out

Monitoring• Effectiveness

– Mortality– Production – Processing plant

– Health Status– Serology– Bacteriology– Virology

– Inputs– Feed– Water– Staff

App B/Age GGP/GP Sample type Tests PerformedCleanout Farm Cleanout check ( Farm general hygiene check) Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)

issued 15/05/06 Water taken from mains, before and after UV Total Viable Countswalls/floors/weighing stations/stanchions Salmonella

At Hatch 5 merconium / 6chicks/ 1fluff per hatcher/ per code Salmonella per supply premise

50 dead in shells per supply premise per week PFBHO 1993 DEFRA SalmonellaOn Arrival chick box liners max 60 / dead on arrival max 60 Salmonella1-4 days All mortalities Salmonella

6w60 vents per strain in 2 tubs/2 dust/6 drag in 2 tubs per house/boot

samples Salmonella

14w60 vents per strain in 2 tubs/2 dust/6 drag in 2 tubs per house/boot

samples Salmonella90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa

20 per house CAV / IBV18w 90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa

20 per house AE ( URGENT)DEFRA PULLORUM TEST RSAT on farm

21w 90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa16 dry throat swabs per house MG/MS PCR To be tested if suspects on serology

24w 2 dust/ in 2 tubs/5 paired boot swabs in 2 tubs Salmonellaeggroom Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)

water: mains and post UV Total Viable Count90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa

16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa

20 per house ART/IB/ND/IBD/REO10 per house Adeno virus If not pos test every three weeks until pos

27w/33w/39w/45w/51w 90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology5 paired boot swabs in 2 tubs Salmonella

30w/36w/42w/48w/ 2 dusts in 2 tubs/ 5 paired boot swabs in two tubs Salmonellaeggroom Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)

90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology

30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa 54w 2 dusts in 2 tubs/ 5 paired boot swabs in two tubs Salmonella

20 Bloods per house ART/IB/ND/IBD/REO30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa

8-10 bloods per house REV/BLS 57w 90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa

2 dust/6 drags in two tubs Salmonella

In the majority of poultry disease outbreaks people are the main culprits!

People

• All Employees • Education and Discipline• Part of the daily routine• Control of movement

AVIAGEN LTD – BIOSECURITY MATRIX

All visits by all non-Aviagen Ltd employees must follow the visitor protocols. After contact with livestock, poultry or other potential sources of contamination, all clothing and footwear must be cleaned before it is worn on or to an Aviagen Ltd site. Vehicles transporting people and equipment between facilities should follow this schedule with appropriate cleaning and disinfection between visits. G Hogarth & B Thorp must be notified prior to visits1, plus the following:-

Pedigree Facilities - A Thomson Grandparent Facilities - R Mackie Veterinary Laboratory - G Domingue GGP/Trials Farms - T G Taylor Cupar Feed Mill - R. Sanderson (ABN) Hatcheries & Egg Depot - A Rushby

Pedigree Facilities2 Production Facilities Trials Broiler Farms2 Feed Mill

Other TO FROM (See in red above)

Pedigree Farms Pedigree Hatchery

Cratewash

(GGPS, GPS, PS) Commercial Hatcheries4

Egg depot3, Arbor France, Ross EPI

Eaglesfield Barnton1

Cupar (Bio-secure Area) Vet Lab4

CE (Carcase) Unit

Avian Influenza areas

7 nights

7 nights

7 nights

7 nights

Non-Aviagen poultry, Asenby, Barnton, BUT, Quarantine Farms, Aviagen Trials Broiler Farms, CE Unit

5 nights

3 nights

Overnight Same Day

Aviagen owned chickens of known high health status (GPs) Feed Mills, Other Intensive Livestock, Inside Vet Laboratory4

3 nights 2 nights Overnight Same Day

Aviagen Ltd Farms (GGPS, GPS, PS), Commercial Hatcheries4, Egg Depot3

2 nights Overnight Overnight Same Day

Aviagen Ltd Pedigree Farms2 Pedigree Hatchery, Crate Wash

Overnight Overnight

Overnight Same Day

Feed delivery, egg collection, internal stock transfer vehicles plus, emergency maintenance, company and government veterinarians (LVIs and Veterinary Officers) are permitted multiple site contacts in strictly managed and agreed sequence. 1 Visitors to Quarantine farms, Barnton Farm and Asenby Hatchery are only permitted only after special authorisation from GSH/BHT. 2 The sharing of transport to drop off and collect farm staff from more than a single Aviagen Ltd pedigree facility is forbidden 3 The Egg Depot may be visited after a farm visit provided that farm is in production and supplying the Depot routinely 4 After visiting a production site samples may be dropped off and collected at hatcheries and the vet lab. Visitors may enter reception and other designated areas but not the main part of facility. A restriction notice from the vet department will take precedent over the above schedule.

PROTOCOLS FOR CONTACT WITH CHICKENS

• Entry to Farms, Hatcheries, and facilities restricted:

– Farm and Hatchery Staff– Health Monitoring Team & Vets– Genetic Selection Team– Area Farms Managers– Company Tradesmen– Hatchery staff and sexers– Approved Visitors

VISITOR ENTRY TO FARMS

• Advance approval from management• Only one farm or hatchery visit per day• Stool samples no Salmonella isolation• No contact with livestock previous week• Pre-visit questionnaire/ Passport system• Shower, change into clothes, hat and shoes

provided• Visitor BookFarm managers turn away any visitor failing

to meet criteria.

PROTOCOLS FOR CONTACT WITH CHICKENS: Essential Personnel

• Staff monitoring

– Weekly Samples

– Reporting Sickness

– Reporting Foreign Travel

• Restrictions on the ownership of birds

Salmonella philosophy• No Salmonella sero-type tolerated• Continual monitoring - legislation• Additional monitoring to limit effects if a

breakdown in biosecurity• No assumptions on status

– inputs – barriers

• Everything and Everyone tested

Feed Processing

FEED DECONTAMINATION

• Heat Treatment – Mixed feed: 85 C for 12 minutes– Post pelleting oil: 90 C holding temp.

• Dedicated, enclosed production area

FEED BIOSECURITY - after production

• Enclosed dedicated production and outloading area

• Dedicated transport vehicles and drivers

• Agreed route planning• Vehicle hygiene programme• Staff training on biosecurity

FARM HYGIENE PROTOCOLS• Cleanout

– Equipment removal– Litter removal

• Washing – Pressure washing• Disinfection- Government-approved disinfectants• Fumigation - formaldehyde

– Building, equipment– Water System - 140 ppm free Chlorine– Feed Bins - dismantle/brush/fumigate

FARM HYGIENE PROTOCOLS

• Pre-placement Inspection– Environmental Samples

• swabs• feed bins• personnel• farm water samples

– Must conform to laid down targetsFloor 5000 - CFU/100 cm2 TVCWalls 500 - CFU/100 cm2 TVC

• No Salmonella

Monitoring - Salmonella• Hatchery

• Testing every placement/every order/• every hatch/ every day/every farm– Plenum– Hatcher tray paper liners– Cull chicks

• Sanitation Effectiveness Testing– vaccine injectors, walls, floors, drains, air

handling units, incubators & water supply• Personnel Monitoring

Salmonella monitoring - farm• Legal requirements

– Dead on arrival (Max.60)

– Box liners ( 10/500)

– First week mortality ( Max. 60)

– 60 cloacal swabs and 3 dust per house every 6 weeks to 22 weeks

15000 samples/month

• Aviagen– Cloacal swabbing

every 3 weeks (5%-100%)

– Dust ( 2)– Drag swab ( 6 in 2

tubs)– Egg room hygiene

• 50000 samples/month

Monitoring - Salmonella

• Results to date• Consistently supply Salmonella free day old

chicks.

• Salmonella testing our biosecurity all the time.

• Assisting in investigating Salmonella monitoring problems in customers.

Summary• Set practical targets for biosecurity

– Decide what diseases to control– Apply an audit– Decide how– Design effective Monitoring system– Ensure Training – Ensure Authority

Compartmentalization Initiative

• Aviagen Compartment• Recognized by OIE• Recognized by customers and country of

import officials• Would allow shipments to go forward in the

face of a UK exotic disease challenge

Disease: Clear and Present Danger!

Thank You!