BIOSECURITYBIOSECURITY

DEFINITION : all procedures used to DEFINITION : all procedures used to prevent the introduction and spread of prevent the introduction and spread of diseasedisease

OBJECTIVES : OBJECTIVES :

- prevent the entry of disease- prevent the entry of disease

- control the spread of disease- control the spread of disease

Simple Biosecurity Model

                                                      

BENEFITSBENEFITS

HELPS KEEP OUT diseasesHELPS KEEP OUT diseases REDUCES THE RISK of zoonotic diseasesREDUCES THE RISK of zoonotic diseases LIMITS THE SPREAD of diseasesLIMITS THE SPREAD of diseases HELPS PROTECT the public healthHELPS PROTECT the public health IMPROVES the overall flock healthIMPROVES the overall flock health CUTS COSTS of disease treatmentCUTS COSTS of disease treatment REDUCES LOSSES and improves profitabilityREDUCES LOSSES and improves profitability

Classification system for poultry Classification system for poultry production systems (FAO 2004)production systems (FAO 2004)

Sector1Sector1 Sector 2Sector 2 Sector 3Sector 3 Sector4Sector4

SystemSystem Industrial Industrial integratedintegrated

CommerciaCommerciall

CommerciaCommerciall

Village or Village or backyardbackyard

BiosecurityBiosecurity HighHigh Moderate Moderate to highto high

Low to Low to minimalminimal

MinimalMinimal

Bird and Bird and product product marketingmarketing

CommerciaCommerciall

Usually Usually commerciacommerciall

Birds Birds usually usually sold in live sold in live bird bird marketsmarkets

Birds and Birds and products products consumed consumed locallylocally

Poultry production systems affected by A.I.• Sector 1: Industrial integrated system / high level of biosecurity• Sector 2: Commercial poultry production system, moderate to high biosecurity• Sector 3: Small-scale commercial poultry production system with low to minimal biosecurity • Sector 4: Village or backyard production, minimal biosecurity + mixed farming system (ducks, pigs)•

HOW DISEASES SPREADHOW DISEASES SPREAD MOVEMENT of people, animals, MOVEMENT of people, animals,

equipment, vehiclesequipment, vehicles CONTACT with neighboring flockCONTACT with neighboring flock CONTACT with insects, rodents, CONTACT with insects, rodents,

stray animals and petsstray animals and pets CONTAMINATED water & feedsCONTAMINATED water & feeds INADEQUATE cleaning and INADEQUATE cleaning and

disinfectiondisinfection

BIOSECURITY INFORMATIONBIOSECURITY INFORMATION

STRICTLY limit and control access to the STRICTLY limit and control access to the farm – fencing / controlled entry pointfarm – fencing / controlled entry point

KEEP an all-in, all-out flock managementKEEP an all-in, all-out flock management PROVIDE a security or decontamination PROVIDE a security or decontamination

areaarea REQUIRE all persons entering the farm to REQUIRE all persons entering the farm to

sign a visitor’s logbook; vehicle plate sign a visitor’s logbook; vehicle plate numbers must also be recordednumbers must also be recorded

CLEAN & DIRTY areas should be well-CLEAN & DIRTY areas should be well-defineddefined

THOROUGHLY clean and disinfect all THOROUGHLY clean and disinfect all equipment & vehicles entering AND equipment & vehicles entering AND leaving the farmleaving the farm

BETTER NOT to borrow equipment or BETTER NOT to borrow equipment or vehicles from other farmsvehicles from other farms

DON’T USE same vehicles for DON’T USE same vehicles for transporting birds, feeds, equipment or transporting birds, feeds, equipment or waste productswaste products

KEEP WILD BIRDS off– bird-proofingKEEP WILD BIRDS off– bird-proofing KEEP other animals, pets / livestock out KEEP other animals, pets / livestock out

of the farmof the farm PEST & RODENT control programPEST & RODENT control program PROPER DISPOSAL of damaged eggs, PROPER DISPOSAL of damaged eggs,

dead birds, litter or manuredead birds, litter or manure REGULARLY clean & disinfect all REGULARLY clean & disinfect all

equipment & vehicles before and after equipment & vehicles before and after useuse

AFTER EVERY CYCLE, thoroughly AFTER EVERY CYCLE, thoroughly clean & disinfect all houses & clean & disinfect all houses & equipmentequipment

ONCE CLEANED, a farm should be ONCE CLEANED, a farm should be closed & left idle; closed & left idle; the longer the the longer the down time, the better the down time, the better the results.results.

Pathogenicity of AIPathogenicity of AI AI strains characterized by pathogenicity AI strains characterized by pathogenicity

in chickensin chickens

LPAI LPAI (Low-pathogenic avian influenza)(Low-pathogenic avian influenza) Mild disease in poultryMild disease in poultry Most strains are LPAIMost strains are LPAI LPAI H5 and H7 strains can mutate into HPAILPAI H5 and H7 strains can mutate into HPAI

HPAI HPAI (Highly pathogenic avian influenza)(Highly pathogenic avian influenza) Severe illness and high fatality in poultrySevere illness and high fatality in poultry Some birds have no illnessSome birds have no illness

Signs of LPAI Influenza in Signs of LPAI Influenza in PoultryPoultry

Wild waterfowl, gulls, shorebirds are natural Wild waterfowl, gulls, shorebirds are natural hosts for influenza viruses hosts for influenza viruses Usually no symptomsUsually no symptoms

Infection in non-reservoir can result in Infection in non-reservoir can result in either:either: No outward disease (LPAI)No outward disease (LPAI) Mild infection (LPAI)Mild infection (LPAI)

Ruffled feathersRuffled feathers Reduced egg productionReduced egg production Respiratory symptomsRespiratory symptoms Can be easy to miss!Can be easy to miss!

Development of HPAIDevelopment of HPAI Low pathogenic AI strains that are most Low pathogenic AI strains that are most

capable of mutating into HPAI and causing capable of mutating into HPAI and causing epizooticsepizootics H5 and H7 H5 and H7 Most H5 and H7 are LPAIMost H5 and H7 are LPAI

DiseaseDisease Human HPAI infection via contact with infected Human HPAI infection via contact with infected

sick or dead birdssick or dead birds Mild human LPAI infections have been Mild human LPAI infections have been

documented documented

Wild birds can introduce LPAI into domestic Wild birds can introduce LPAI into domestic flocksflocks Can evolve into HPAICan evolve into HPAI

Signs of HPAI Infection in BirdsSigns of HPAI Infection in Birds

Causes more lethal infection Causes more lethal infection Difficult to miss - severe disease/sudden onsetDifficult to miss - severe disease/sudden onset Facial edema, swollen and cyanotic combs and Facial edema, swollen and cyanotic combs and

wattles, drastic decline in egg production wattles, drastic decline in egg production Internal hemorrhages of lungs and other Internal hemorrhages of lungs and other

organsorgans Rapid spread Rapid spread Mortality near 100% within 48 hoursMortality near 100% within 48 hours

Species Affected

Genetic Reservoirs

Intermixing

H1, H3

H1, H2, H3H3, H7

H1-12H14-15

H1-2, 4-7,H9-13, 15-16

H10

H1, H3, H4, H7, H13

Other AquaticBirds?

H5N1

Avian Influenza in other Avian Influenza in other AnimalsAnimals

Domestic and wild birds Domestic and wild birds Ducks, geese, sparrows, poultry, petsDucks, geese, sparrows, poultry, pets

Pigs, horses, marine mammals, ferrets, Pigs, horses, marine mammals, ferrets, minks minks Natural infection contracted from Natural infection contracted from

exposure to birdsexposure to birds

Tigers, leopards, domestic cats, dogsTigers, leopards, domestic cats, dogs H5N1 infections from ingestion of H5N1 infections from ingestion of

infected poultryinfected poultry

ControlControl BiosecurityBiosecurity

QuarantineQuarantine Intensify disinfecting measuresIntensify disinfecting measures

Monitoring/SurveillanceMonitoring/Surveillance Stamping Out / DepopulationStamping Out / Depopulation DIVA Vaccination - only for LPAI DIVA Vaccination - only for LPAI

and not for HPAI because it might and not for HPAI because it might prolong the shedding of the virusprolong the shedding of the virus

Proper DisposalProper Disposal

Ensure Biosecurity through Bio- Ensure Biosecurity through Bio- exclusionexclusion

Keep poultry indoorsKeep poultry indoors Separate from the outside worldSeparate from the outside world Remove or disinfect all sources of infectionRemove or disinfect all sources of infection

Prevent unknown birds from Prevent unknown birds from entering flockentering flockControl human, vehicular, and Control human, vehicular, and equipment traffic onto the farmequipment traffic onto the farm

Use “all in – all out” Use “all in – all out” productionproduction

Separate new poultry from Separate new poultry from flockflock

Clean and disinfect when Clean and disinfect when “all out”“all out” AI can remain viable in tissue, AI can remain viable in tissue, faeces and water for a long period faeces and water for a long period of time (days to weeks)of time (days to weeks)

Bio containment on Infected Bio containment on Infected FarmsFarms

Depopulation of infected and exposed Depopulation of infected and exposed birdsbirds

Movement control Movement control On and off farmOn and off farm

Bird markets closed and disinfectedBird markets closed and disinfected

Testing of potentially infected birdsTesting of potentially infected birds

Surveillance for illness in birdsSurveillance for illness in birds

Destruction and Disposal of Destruction and Disposal of Birds in Affected AreaBirds in Affected Area

Humanely depopulate birds and other Humanely depopulate birds and other animalsanimals Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide Dislocate neckDislocate neck OthersOthers

Effective disposalEffective disposal IncinerationIncineration BuryBury CompostCompost DigestionDigestion RenderingRendering

Cleaning and disinfectionCleaning and disinfection

1. Select a site that is well drained and not subject to flooding. 2. Keep away scavengers 3.3. Lay an 18 inch deep bed of coarse wood chips, 8-12 feet wide 4. Add a 12-15 inch layer of litter and birds, then cover with a 12-15 inch layer of wood chips or other carbon sources.5.Add another layer of litter and birds until it is two or three layers high and as long as needed.

6.If there is a disease outbreak, make sure that workers wear personal protective equipment and are properly sanitized when done. Workers should be vaccinated if applicable.

Build Pile

5.

IMPORTANT REMINDERSIMPORTANT REMINDERS MAKE a flock health plan that includes MAKE a flock health plan that includes

basic biosecurity measuresbasic biosecurity measures ENSURE that all records are accurate & ENSURE that all records are accurate &

up-to-dateup-to-date ALL poultry personnel should be trainedALL poultry personnel should be trained LOOK OUT for signs of disease –LOOK OUT for signs of disease – REPORT immediately if disease is REPORT immediately if disease is

suspectedsuspected

Occupational GuidelinesOccupational Guidelines For persons in contact with For persons in contact with

healthy birds in HPAI-free zoneshealthy birds in HPAI-free zones Increased vigilance and hazard Increased vigilance and hazard

communicationcommunication Standard Personal Protective Equipment Standard Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE)(PPE) Risk assessment for species that may Risk assessment for species that may

exhibit asymptomatic disease (e.g. ducks)exhibit asymptomatic disease (e.g. ducks)

Occupational GuidelinesOccupational Guidelines

For persons in direct contact with For persons in direct contact with known or suspected HPAI materialsknown or suspected HPAI materials Training, basic infection control, PPE to Training, basic infection control, PPE to

include respirators and antiviral include respirators and antiviral prophylaxisprophylaxis

Surveillance and monitoring of workersSurveillance and monitoring of workers Evaluation of ill personsEvaluation of ill persons

Occupational GuidelinesOccupational Guidelines For exposure to a known HPAI sourceFor exposure to a known HPAI source

Disposable particulate Disposable particulate respirators (N-95 or greater); or respirators (N-95 or greater); or powered air purifying respiratorpowered air purifying respirator

Current season influenza vaccineCurrent season influenza vaccine

Reduces possibility of dual infection with Reduces possibility of dual infection with human and avian influenza, which could human and avian influenza, which could lead to reassortment lead to reassortment

Occupational GuidelinesOccupational Guidelines

For persons in contact with live or dead For persons in contact with live or dead poultry or materials later identified as HPAIpoultry or materials later identified as HPAI

Medical evaluation Medical evaluation If symptomatic, collection of specimens for viral testingIf symptomatic, collection of specimens for viral testing

Post-exposure prophylaxisPost-exposure prophylaxis Surveillance for respiratory-related symptomsSurveillance for respiratory-related symptoms

FeverFever Respiratory symptomsRespiratory symptoms ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis

General precautionsGeneral precautions Wear a mask and gloves if using poultry Wear a mask and gloves if using poultry

manure, then wash your hands manure, then wash your hands afterwards.afterwards.

Wear gloves if touching sick or dead birds. Wear gloves if touching sick or dead birds.

Monitor your neighborhood for any bird or Monitor your neighborhood for any bird or poultry deaths.poultry deaths.

If there are bird or poultry deaths, report If there are bird or poultry deaths, report this to your local veterinarian.this to your local veterinarian.

Do not touch nose, eyes, mouth with dirty Do not touch nose, eyes, mouth with dirty hands.hands.

Wash hands frequently with soap and Wash hands frequently with soap and water.water.

Use separate chopping boards for Use separate chopping boards for vegetables, cooked foods, raw foods.vegetables, cooked foods, raw foods.

Wash chopping boards with soap and water Wash chopping boards with soap and water immediately after chopping.immediately after chopping.

1.1. Conventional cooking will inactivate the Conventional cooking will inactivate the H5N1 virus. Well cooked poultry meat is H5N1 virus. Well cooked poultry meat is therefore safe to consume.therefore safe to consume.

2. 2. The H5N1 virus, if present in poultry meat, The H5N1 virus, if present in poultry meat, is not killed by refrigeration or freezing.is not killed by refrigeration or freezing.

3.3. Home slaughtering and preparation of sick Home slaughtering and preparation of sick or dead poultry for food is hazardous: this or dead poultry for food is hazardous: this practice should be avoidedpractice should be avoided

4.4. Eggs can contain H5N1 virus both on the Eggs can contain H5N1 virus both on the outside and the inside. Eggs from H5N1 outside and the inside. Eggs from H5N1 infected areas should not be consumed raw infected areas should not be consumed raw or partially cooked. Don’t use uncooked tin or partially cooked. Don’t use uncooked tin foods that will not be cooked. foods that will not be cooked.

5. 5. Greatest risk of exposure to the virus is by Greatest risk of exposure to the virus is by handling and slaughtering live infected handling and slaughtering live infected poultry. Cover your nose, mouth and hands poultry. Cover your nose, mouth and hands in handing sick animals. in handing sick animals.

THANK YOU

Vaccination for PoultryVaccination for Poultry Inactivated whole AI virusInactivated whole AI virus

Effective against H5 subtypeEffective against H5 subtype Reduced amount of virus in environmentReduced amount of virus in environment May have sub clinical infectionMay have sub clinical infection

Can still shed virusCan still shed virus Administered by injectionAdministered by injection

Vaccination mayVaccination may limit exportlimit export Recombinant vaccines under Recombinant vaccines under

developmentdevelopment H5 and H7 vaccination requires Govt H5 and H7 vaccination requires Govt

approvalapproval

Helpful web sitesHelpful web sites

• Centers for Disease Control: Centers for Disease Control: www.cdc.govwww.cdc.gov• World Health Organization: World Health Organization: www.who.intwww.who.int/en//en/• World Organization for Animal Health: World Organization for Animal Health:

www.oie.intwww.oie.int• UN Food and Agriculture Organization: UN Food and Agriculture Organization:

www.fao.orgwww.fao.org• US poultry and Egg Industry AssociationUS poultry and Egg Industry Association

http://www.poultryegg.org/http://www.poultryegg.org/ • USDA Avian Influenza website USDA Avian Influenza website

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome?navid=AVIAN_INFLUENZA&navtypehttp://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome?navid=AVIAN_INFLUENZA&navtype=SU=SU

Choose fresh poultry meat carefully. Don’t Choose fresh poultry meat carefully. Don’t buy meat or poultry that is dying/dead from buy meat or poultry that is dying/dead from disease (such as dark, bruised meat or disease (such as dark, bruised meat or hemorrhagic spots). hemorrhagic spots).

For eggs: choose new, clean, solid shells, and For eggs: choose new, clean, solid shells, and no poultry feces or feathers on the eggshell. no poultry feces or feathers on the eggshell. Clean well before cooking.Clean well before cooking.

RemindersReminders

Effective Bird ProofingEffective Bird Proofing Working Pest Control ProgramWorking Pest Control Program

For Rodents and FlyFor Rodents and Fly No other animals especially waterfowlNo other animals especially waterfowl Sign – in Log BookSign – in Log Book Power Sprayer at the farm gatePower Sprayer at the farm gate Separate foot wear/Foot DipSeparate foot wear/Foot Dip Sanitation/disinfectionSanitation/disinfection

The sequence for wearing the PPE is as under:The sequence for wearing the PPE is as under: 1. Wear shoe cover1. Wear shoe cover 2. Wash hands2. Wash hands 3. Wear 'Dangri'3. Wear 'Dangri' 4. Put on the face mask/ mask with hepa filter (N95 standard)4. Put on the face mask/ mask with hepa filter (N95 standard) 5. Fix protective glasses over eyes (goggles) 5. Fix protective glasses over eyes (goggles) 6. Fix hood over head6. Fix hood over head 7. Put on gloves7. Put on gloves The sequence of removing PPE should be followed as belowThe sequence of removing PPE should be followed as below 1. Remove shoe covers1. Remove shoe covers 2. Remove house gloves2. Remove house gloves 3. Wash hands3. Wash hands 4. Remove 'Dangri' with attached hood 4. Remove 'Dangri' with attached hood 5. Remove disposable protective glasses (goggles)5. Remove disposable protective glasses (goggles) 6. Remove face masks (for other than direct handlers)/ face 6. Remove face masks (for other than direct handlers)/ face mask with hepa filter , N95 standard (for direct handlers)mask with hepa filter , N95 standard (for direct handlers) 7. Discard all7. Discard all 8. Wash hands8. Wash hands

AntiviralsAntivirals Antivirals use only for humansAntivirals use only for humans

On March 20, 2006, the FDA proposed to prohibit On March 20, 2006, the FDA proposed to prohibit the use in poultry of two classes of approved the use in poultry of two classes of approved human antiviral drugs in treating influenza to help human antiviral drugs in treating influenza to help preserve the effectiveness of these drugs for preserve the effectiveness of these drugs for treating or preventing influenza infections in treating or preventing influenza infections in humans.humans.

Prohibits the use by veterinarians of anti-influenza Prohibits the use by veterinarians of anti-influenza drugs adamantane (amantadine and rimantadine) drugs adamantane (amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir and and neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir and zanamivir) drugs in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. zanamivir) drugs in chickens, turkeys, and ducks.

Self- -Assessment Guide Farm location & layoutAccess deterrents Building EntrywaysPest control programsTruck TrafficDeliveries Visitor concernsTools & equipment Cleaning & disinfectionWater sanitationEmployee concernsMulti farm managementFlock health managementCarcass/manure management

A public announcement was made a day before carrying out culling of birds asking poultry owners not to release the birds in the morning and that veterinarians would collect the birds the next morning against cash payment.

Poultry owners were also advised to observe precautions such as cover face, nose etc. when handling the birds.

The co-operation of the local bodies is necessary for backyard operations. A common ground was identified for the culling and disposal of the culled birds in consultation with the local bodies. The birds were collected by veterinarian / para-veterinarian in morning & carried to disposal sites.

Waste, organic and all other non-disinfectable material present on the farm -litter , eggs, egg products, hay, animal feed/feed materials, feathers and egg-trays must be destroyed

litter can be either buried in the pit with animal carcasses or burnt. Eggs/ Egg products may be buried in the pit with the animal carcasses. Straw may be burnt. The crops grown in the farm should be uprooted and buried/ burnt. The protective clothing used by the staff should also be burnt.Feathers are to be disposed off by use of flame guns. Water should not be allowed to accumulate in the farm premises and particularly in and around disposal sites.

Washing and disinfection of walls, floors and ceilings of the infected . All sheds in the premises should be cleaned which includes washing of floors & walls with 3% calcium hydroxide solution; sprinkling of bleaching powder and lime on the floors of the sheds and farm areas; white-washing of concrete areas with lime; spraying the areas with 4% formalin; fumigation of closed chambers and sheds with KMnO4 and formalin; treating all equipments with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 48 hrs Metal structures such as cages may be decontaminated by heat treatment.All units connected to the establishment (i.e. hatchery, egg storage rooms, packaging rooms, egg trolleys, egg product plants) must be properly disinfected. Vehicles, used for transporting live animals, eggs and animal feed must also be disinfected.All equipment inside the house such as drinkers and food hoppers must be washed and treated with a disinfectant for at least 48 hours. Water reservoirs must also be emptied, washed and disinfected.Feed tanks (silos) need to be emptied, washed with a hot water-pressure pump and subsequently fumigated.After washing and disinfecting, all units must be fumigated twice with at least two weeks between fumigations.

(i) Rectified spirit or Savlon or Dettol (1 % solution) for cleaning of hands, feet of farm workers

(ii) (ii) 2% solution of NaOH should be used at the entrance on foot mats to clean the shoes. / scrub and clean gumboots and other items.

(iii) Sodium hypochlorite : 2% active chlorine solution (disinfection of equipment)

(iv) Quaternary ammonium salts: 4% solution (treatment of walls, floors, ceilings and equipment).

(v) Calcium Hydroxide: 3% solution (walls and floors).

(vi) Cresolic acid 2.2% solution: (floors). (vii) Synthetic phenols 2% solution: (floors).(viii) Vircon-S@ and Trilocid concentrate where

available.(ix) Formalin and potassium permanganate for

fumigation.

i) Burn all the temporary cages, litter , baskets, feed and egg trays of all the poultry in the infected zone.ii) Remove and burn all litter from permanent cages and clean the cages.iii) Burn garbage around poultry keeping area.iv) Spray all the houses within infected zone irrespective of the presence or absence of poultry with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution.v) Spray poultry rearing houses in surveillance zone with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution.vi) Spray all the damp areas, drains etc. with 4% formalin. in the inhabited dwellings sodium hypochlorite or Trilocid concentrate or Vircon-'S' may be substituted. vii) Sprinkle lime on the roads, streets etc in all the villages under the operation.viii) White wash the poultry rearing houses in the infected zone.

Take Home MessageTake Home Message

Isolate domestic birds from wild birds and Isolate domestic birds from wild birds and waterfowlwaterfowl

Practice good biosecurity in all flocksPractice good biosecurity in all flocks Need adequate surveillance systemNeed adequate surveillance system Early detection and rapid responseEarly detection and rapid response AI response is always a joint effortAI response is always a joint effort

Based on Post Operation Surveillance, the farms will be allowed to restock poultry. by keeping sentinel birds in each of the shed of the farms, for 21 days @ minimum 50 birds per shed up to the capacity of 8000 layers or 10,000 brooders or growers and a minimum of 100 birds per shed for more than 8000 layers or 10,000 brooders or growers. 1. On 0 Day Serum sample from 5 birds per shed are to be collected to know the initial antibody status of birds. 2. On the 12 day cloacal / pharyngeal /nasal swabs are to collected for virus isolation. One pooled sample of 5 birds from each shed is to be collected and sent to Bhopal for testing viral antigen/ virus isolation.3. On 21 day again serum samples from the same birds are to be collected to assess the antibody status of such birds. 4. Any mortality is to be investigated and reported to Govt. of India immediately.5. It is emphasised that if the farmer does not cooperate and does not follow the restocking protocol he/she will not be allowed to restock the birds. 6. During the restocking operation the local veterinarian is required to visit each farm at least once in a week.

The birds killed in operations can be disposed off by The birds killed in operations can be disposed off by burning in pyre or burial. Approximately 5 quintals of wood burning in pyre or burial. Approximately 5 quintals of wood per 100 kg of dead birds would be required for burning. It per 100 kg of dead birds would be required for burning. It should be ensured that carcasses are completely burnt. should be ensured that carcasses are completely burnt.

burialburial. For this, a pit must be prepared - size of the pit . For this, a pit must be prepared - size of the pit must be at least two meters long, two meters wide and must be at least two meters long, two meters wide and two meters deep, and this enables disposal of about 1800 two meters deep, and this enables disposal of about 1800 birds. If it is made one meter deeper the capacity increases birds. If it is made one meter deeper the capacity increases to 3000 birds. It must be ensured that the pits are to 3000 birds. It must be ensured that the pits are sufficiently deep. JCB machines were deployed in recent sufficiently deep. JCB machines were deployed in recent operations to dig pits. Burial should be such that the operations to dig pits. Burial should be such that the disposed material is kept well below the ground level to disposed material is kept well below the ground level to ensure that rodents or stray animals cannot access it. ensure that rodents or stray animals cannot access it. The carcasses must be covered with a layer of calcium The carcasses must be covered with a layer of calcium hydroxide, and then with a layer of earth (at least 40 cm hydroxide, and then with a layer of earth (at least 40 cm deep) thus alternating one with the other till the pit is deep) thus alternating one with the other till the pit is covered upto the ground level. The burial ground is to be covered upto the ground level. The burial ground is to be suitably marked and should not be opened for at least suitably marked and should not be opened for at least five years. The ground must be watched for settlement, if five years. The ground must be watched for settlement, if any and periodically filled with earth and lime if it shows any and periodically filled with earth and lime if it shows signs of sinking over time. signs of sinking over time.

Terminology Biosafety– – In the context of the BTWC, biosafety � �describes the containment principles, technologies and practices that are to be implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release.

3 Categories of Transmission• Intercontinental

• Transport of live poultry, frozen poultry meat and untreated hatching eggs over long distances. Trade of poultry by-products unheated and egg products and possibly frozen poultry semen. Least importance are free living migrating birds

• International• Trade of commercial poultry including live birds,

vehicles, crates, containers. Also, international exhibitions, shows, bird markets and similar events. Least important are birds which displays seasonal migration pattern.

• Local • Farm personnel, technical crew (debeaker,

vaccinators, catchers, etc.). Also, contaminated poultry manure and waste stuff as well as airborne particle and dust. Significant are live birds in close vicinity to poultry houses

Sectors 1 and 2Sectors 1 and 2

Sector 2Sector 2 Moderate to high bio-Moderate to high bio-

securitysecurity Birds/products often Birds/products often

marketed marketed commerciallycommercially

Sector 1Sector 1 High level bio-High level bio-

securitysecurity Birds/products Birds/products

marketed marketed commerciallycommercially