Bioscience Discovery, 4(1):111-116, Jan. 2013 ISSN: … 4 No1 Jan 13/U Anitha...Bioscience...

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Bioscience Discovery, 4(1):111-116, Jan. 2013 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

U Anitha Devi1, 2, T Ugandhar3 and M A Singara Charya1

1Department of MicrobiologyKakatiya University, Warangal-506 009

2Department of BotanyGovt Degree and P.G.College (W) Karimnagar 505001 (A.P.) 3Department of Botany S.R.R Govt Degree and P.G.CollegeKarimnagar 505001 (A.P.)

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Primary productivity (Gross and Net) and respiratory consumption in Kakatiya Canal and Lower Manair Dam was carried out during July 1999 to June 2001 and recorded the maximum gross primary productivity at site-V (0.663 g/cm3/h) and minimum at site-VIII (0.120 g/cm3/h). In general the maximum gross primary productivity values were during summer months. The minimum and maximum net primary productions were at site-I (0.060 g/cm3 /h) and (0.301 g/cm3/h) with an average value of 0.153 g/cm3/h. The net primary production values were positive in all the sites which explains photosynthetic activity of production is dominant over respiratory consumption. The average respiratory consumption values were 0.120, 0.135. 0.115 and 0.120 g/cm3/h in sites 1, 11, 111, and IV. The P/R ratio fluctuated between 0.70 to 5.003 during 1999 to 2000 while it was 0.749 to 4.682 during 2000 to 2001.

Key words: Productivity, respiratory consumption, P/R ratio. Lower Manair Dam, Kakatiya Canal.

INTRODUCTION

There is tremendous development in the process of productivity and its direct relevance in the management of aquatic systems. This is an important biological phenomenon in nature on which the entire diverse array of life depends directly or indirectly. It provides an assessment about the exact nature of ecosystems, its trophic levels and availability of energy for secondary-producers. The primary productivity is the rate in which sun's radiant energy is stored by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic activities of producers in the form of organic substances. In natural waters the primary production entirely depends on photosynthesis, however, chemosynthesis plays a minor role. In the aquatic systems, photosynthesis is mainly by phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes, and the phytoplanktons are universal in occurrence and account for maximum primary product.

The important aspect of primary production is to determine the phytoplankton biomass and to measure the rates at which the biomass coverts into inorganic carbons. The limnological studies in certain polluted and unpolluted fresh water

systems noticed significant variations among the productivity parameters (Munavar, 1970). Govindan and Sundersan (1979) believed that periphytic algae are the major primary producers in headwater and mid region area of river system. The water quality of Jhelum River was assessed in planktonic population and productivity. Manikya Reddy and Venkateshwarlu (1986) studied NPP in relation to physico-chemical characters at various lotic habitats.Reviewed the seasonality of phytoplankton in South Indian lake and observed that they differ vastly in water flow characteristics, chemistry and trophic state and used these parameters to suggest and supplement the revival procedures of the lakes. Nandan and Patel (1986) assessed the water quality of Vishwamitririver by algal analysis and signified the role of productivity in establishing the pollution status of the river. Anderson (1989) estimated the whole basin diatom productivity rate and concentrated on their implications on the stability and balance of the lake. Biswas and Nweze (1990) critically reviewed the role of productivity in various climatic conditions to suggest different conservational and revival practices.


U Anitha Devi et al.,

Recorded high amounts of productivity

during summer and predicated the influence of bright sunshine and high temperature, low turbidity, high phytoplankton density and algal blooms. Agarwalet al. (1995) developed a statistical approach for the comparative studies of phytoplankton productivity to ensure a safe and cost effective restoration programme of aquatic bodies compared the phytoplankton primary productivity of river Ganga and Pond of Patna to enumerate the biodiversity of planktons and established the energy budgets in these two aquatic systems.

Biddanda (2001) worked on the primary productivity of lakes and oceans in relation to bacterial appetite studied the dynamics of primary productivity of lentic and lotie systems in different ecological situations Salaskar and Yeragi studied the limnological aspects of Powai lake and reported a direct relationship between dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton bloomrelated the effect of coal dust in phytoplankton productivity and noticed values of maximum GPP during winter and minimum in monsoon studied the temperature fluctuation and dissolved oxygen levels in Belial lake and noticed the maximum organic content and productivity in the month of January. The present study was undertaken to compare the status of productivity in lentic and lotic system, accordingly the Kakatiya Canal and Lower Manair Dam were selected and analysed. The obtained data is presented in figures 1-12. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was carried over a period of two years from 1999 to 2001 water samples were collected from four sites of Lower Manair Dam and in four sites of KakatiyaCanal (Chinthakunta, Kothapally, Choppadandi and Jagtial) on a monthly basis in BOD bottles.

The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), Net Primary Productivity (NPP), Respiratory Consumption (RC) were analysed by light and dark bottle technique. Sample water were collected in three BOD bottles and in first bottle the amount of dissolved oxygen was analysed immediately. The second bottle was incubated in light and third bottle in dark for 12 hours. The dissolved oxygen was estimated in these three bottles by winkler's reagent method and GPP, NPP and RC were measured with following formulae.

Where, IB=Initial oxygen amount before incubation period. LB=Net increase in oxygen due to photosynthesis in the light bottle. DB=Oxygen decrease in the dark bottle. T=Time in hours PQ=Photosynthesis quotient=1.0 RQ=Respiratory quotient=1.0 0.375=a factor (ratio of molecuan weights of carbon and oxygen). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

From the figures 1-4 it was evident that the GPP variations in eight study sites during July 1999 to June 2000 was maximum at site-V (0.663 g cnT-3h-1) and minimum (0.120 g cm-3 h-1) at site-VII. The average value was 0.274 g cm-3 h-1at site-I, while it was 0.254 g cm-3 h-1at site-II. The fluctuations in site-II were minimum as most of the months recorded approximately same value, which varied between 0.210 to 0.240 g cm-3 h-1. The seasonal fluctuations at site-Ill were from 0.362 to 0.150 g cm-3 h-1with mean value of 0.231 g cm-3 h-1. At site-VI the average value is 0.264 g cm-3 h-1with maximum and minimum values 0.362 g cm-3 h-1 and 0.150 g cm-3 h-1 respectively. However, at site-V the maximum value is recorded as 0.663 g cm-3 h-1with an average value of 0.334 g cm-3 h-1. The mean GPP values at site-VI and VII were 0.253 g cm-3 h-1 and 0.236 g cm-3 h-1. The productivity changed at site-VIII was fluctuated from 0.150 g cm-3 h-1 and 0.362 g cm-3 h-1with an average value of 0.259 g cm-3 h-1 and minimum 0.231 g cm-3 h-1 1at site-Ill. Most of the sites have maximum GPP values during summer months and at site-V, all the months recorded high GPP value, which is more than 0.210 g cm-3 h-1. The changes in GPP content were also noted during 2000-2001. During this year high GPP values were recorded in months, May to August. The maximum and minimum GPP values were noted as 0.844 g cm-3 h-1 and 0.030 g cm-3 h-1 in site-VII and VIII respectively. At site-I the minimum and maximum values were 0.120 g cm-3 h-1and 0.543 g cm-3 h-

1with an average of 0.266 g cm-3 h-1. The average value is 0.256 g cm-3 h-1 at site-II while it was 0.321 g cm-3 h-1 at site-Ill. The maximum GPP value at site-IV is 0.422 g cm-3 h-1 where as its minimum is 0.181 g cm-3 h-1 with a mean 0.274 of g cm-3 h-1.



The GPP values at site-V and VI fluctuated

between 0.090 g cm-3 h-1 to 0.633 g cm-3 h-1 and their average values were 0.251 and 0.248 g cm-3 h-1 respectively. GPP values at site-VI were more or less same nearly for four months, i.e., from November to February. The average production value was 0.213 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VII while it was 0.311 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VIII. Year 2000-2001 recorded high mean GPP value at site-Ill as 0.321 g cm-3 h-1. Net Primary Productivity (NPP):-

The NPP of eight study sites during 1999-2000 was estimated and presented in figures 5-8. The minimum and maximum values recorded for NPP at site-I were 0.060 and 0.3012 g cm-3 h-1 with average value 0.153 g cm-3 h-1, while the mean value was 0.118 g cm-3 h-1 at site-II. The overall minimum and maximum NPP values were 0.241 and 0.603 g cm-3 h-1 with mean average value 0.118 g cm-3 h-1. At site-Ill the NPP values fluctuated from 0.090 to 0.181 with mean value of 0.135 with an average value of 0.165 g cm-3 h-1. Of all the sites, mean value of NPP was high in sites-lV and V (0.165 g cm-3 h-1). The mean value was 0.120 cm-3 h-1 at site-VI, whereas, it was 0.113 at site-VII. The NPP changes at site-VIII were fluctuated from 0.241 and 0.060 g cm-3 h-1 with an average value of 0.130 g cm-3 h-1. In most of sites the high NPP values were noticed during November to March. During 2000-2001 the maximum NPP value was recorded at dam site (0.7241 g cm-3 h-1) in the month of June. The maximum and minimum NPP values recorded at site-I were 0.362 and 0.030 g cm-3 h-1 with mean value of 0.140 g cm-3 h-1. The average value of site-II was 0.150 g cm-3 h-1 and the same minimum NPP values were recorded in months February, March, April and December at site-II (0.060 g cm-3 h-1), while its maximum value was 0.361 g cm-3 h-1. The NPP value at site-Ill fluctuated between 0.030 to 0.693 with an average as 0.206 g cm-3 h-1 and site-IV it was between 0.301 to 0.603 with mean value of 0.148 g cm-3 h-1. July recorded maximum NPP value (0.331 g cm-3 h-1), at site-V with an average value 0.128 g cm-3 h-1. The NPP mean value variation at site-VI and VII were 0.153 and 0.118 g cm-3 h-1 respectively. In all the sites the NPP values were positive which means, the sufficient food is available for consumers generated by photosynthetic activity or

production and the respiratory consumption was not a dominant activity in these ecosystems. Respiratory consumption (RC):-

The rate of consumption of organic matter by phytoplankton was estimated during 1999 to 2000 at eight study sites and recorded in figures 9-12. The average RC values at site-I, II, and III were 0.120, 0.135 and 0.115 g cm-3 h-1 respectively. The RC values were positive in entire study period. At site-IV the variations in the RC values were in between 0.060 and 0.120 g cm-3 h-1 with the mean value of 0.098 g cm-3 h-1. The fluctuations were between 0.090 to 0.5)2 with mean value of 0.193 g cm-3 h-1 at site-V. The mean respiratory value at site-VI was 0.028 g cm-3 h-1 while it was 0.043 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VII. The minimum and maximum RC values at site-VIII were 0.060 and 0.018 g cm-3 h-1 respectively with an average value of 0.128 g cm-3 h-1. The fluctuations during 2000-2001 at site-I were in between 0.060 to 0.241 with the mean value of 0.125 g cm-3 h-1. The average RC values of site-II, III and IV were 0.105, 0.123, 0.135 g cm-3 h-1

respectively. At site-V minimum and maximum RC values were between 0.030 to 0.181 with mean value of RC as 0.100 g cm-3 h-1. The average RC value at site-VII was 0.125 g cm-3 h-1, where as it was 0.135 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VIII. P/R Ratio:-

Odum (1956) developed the idea of determining P/R ratio in order to define a community type and also the concept of autotrophy and heterotrophy. Trophic status of water bodies can be monitored using P/.R ratio. P/R ratio more than one signifies autotrophic nature of production. Cole (1979) also observed the P/R ratio in almost all the reservoirs under study. These reservoirs showed dominance of zooplankton over phytoplankton. Das (2002) recorded high P/R values during the monsoon and post monsoon seasons in most of the reservoirs. He further recorded the range of P/R were in between 3.03 to 5.00 in the reservoirs under Krishna system, 2.31 to 4.67 in Godavari system and 2.50 to 3.08 in Penna system. In this study the P/R ratio in LMD and Kakatiya Canal was analysed and reported in tables 1 and 2.

From the tables 1 and 2 it was evident that P/R ratios during 1999-2000 fluctuated between 0.7 to 5.0 P/R ratio in site-I ranged in between



1.33 to 5.00 with an average value of 2.45

during 1999-2000. The minimum and maximum P/R ratio at site-II were 1.2 and 3.5 with mean value 2.07. The mean values at site-Ill and IV were 2.09 and 2.88 respectively. The fluctuations of P/R ratio were in between 0.5 to 3.2 with an average value of 2.1 at site-V. The variations of P/R value at site-VIII was in between 1.5 to 5.0 with an average value of 2.17. During 2000-2001 the P/R values varied in between 0.7 to 4.0. The fluctuations at site-I were in between 1.2 to 4.0 with mean value of 2.29. The average values at site-II and III were 2.46 and 2.17 respectively. The maximum and minimum P/R ratios at site-IV were

3.5 and 0.7 with an average value of 2.19. The P/R ratio at LMD ranged in between 0.16 to 4.00 with average values of 2.29, 2.47, 1.89 and 2.15 at sites V, VI, VII and VIII respectively. Similar to the present observations related the pollution studies of lotic systems and used the phytoplanktonic productivity as biological monitoring method to establish the pollution status. Pathak (1979) evaluated the primary productivity changes between lentic and lotic habitats and concluded that the entire hydrological and limnological parameters in both the ecosystems are controlled by the productivity status.

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35

0.40.45

0.5

NP

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Fig. 01: GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN FOUR SITES OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2007-2008

Site-I Site-IISite-III Site-IV

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m3 /

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Fig. 2: GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN FOUR SITES OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2008-

2009

Site-ISite-IISite-IIISite-IV

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Fig.-3 GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2007-2008

Site-I Site-II

Site-III Site-IV

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Fig.4: GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009

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Site-II

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Site-IV

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Fig. 5: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009


0

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Fig. 6: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR SITES OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2008-2009

Site-I

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Site-IV



Govindan and Sunderesan believed that periphytic algae are the major primary producers in headwater and mid region area of river systemsevaluated the pollution and production of certain lentic and lotic habitats in Hyderabad for their conservation and restoration. The water quality of Jhelum River was assessed by planktonic population and productivity studied on various limnological aspects of rivers, reservoirs and canals studied the dynamics of primary productivity between lentic and lotic systems and found that different abiotic properties of water and bottom soils having direct correlation with productivity dynamics. Mishra and Saksena (1991) while reviewing the pollution ecology of Morar River, Gwalior with reference to its characteristics, strengthened the objective of productivity. Judit

(1992) observed the phytoplankton productivity of lake Balaton quantitatively for 211 consecutive days and identified 417 taxa during the study period extensively studied the productivity status of different polluted and unpolluted aquatic systems in and around Warngalcity and reported the degradative state of majority of these aquatic systems. Francis et al. (1997) observed higher values of GP during summer and lower in winter GovindaSwamyet al. (2000) studied the seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties and primary production in different aquatic habitats studied by them for the biomonitoring.Santanu worked on the impact on environmental pollution on primary productivity worked on the primary productivity of lakes and oceans in relation to bacterial appetite.

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

NP

P(g

/cm

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Fig. 7: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2007-2008

Site-I Site-II

Site-III Site-IV

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

NP

P(g

/cm

3 /h

)

MONTHS

Fig.-8: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009

Site-I Site-II

Site-III Site-IV

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NP

P(g

/cm

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Fig. 9: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION (RC) IN FOUR SITES OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2007-2008

Site-I Site-II

Site-III Site-IV

0

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0.25

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NP

P(g

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Fig. 10: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION (RC) IN FOUR SITES OF KAKATITY CANAL DURING 2008-2009


0

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Fig. 11: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION(RC) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2007-2008

Site-I Site-II

Site-III Site-IV

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Fig. 12: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION(RC) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009

Site-I Site-II Site-III Site-IV



Estimated the primary production in some

selected reservoirs of Andhra Pradesh studied the phytoplankton in two standing fresh water bodies and reported that low productivity was due to lesser quantities of nutrients. Ganeshan et al. (2004) recorded the maximum dissolved oxygen

(6.4 to 7.9 mg/L) during summer and attributed it to high production by phytoplanktonic community studied fresh water Perumallake at Cuddalore for its suitability and potential for aquaculture practices and recorded maximum productivity during March.

LITERATURE CITED Agarawal NC, Bais VC and Tazeen A, 1995. Comprehensive account of phytoplankton productivity in sagar lake-a statical approach .J.Freshwater Bio.7:27-31. Anderson NS, 1989. A whole basin Diatom accumulation rate for a small eutrophic lake in Northern Ireland-its Palaecological implications. J.Ecology 77: 926-946. Biddanda BA, 2001. Big bacterial appetite, implications for the fate of Primary production in lakes and oceans CLERL/CILER seminar seris. Ann. Arbor.10:1672-1676. Biswas S and Nweze NO 1990. Phytoplankton of Ogelube lake, opi, Anambrastate, Nigerria Hydrobiologica, 199:81-86. Cole GA, 1979. Text book of Limnology, 2nd ed., The C.V.Mosby Co., USA. Das AK, 2002. Phytoplankton Primary Production in some selected reservoirs of A. P. Geobios 29:52-57 Franics K, Shanumughavel P, Anbazhagan M and ParimalazhaganT,1997, Investigation of pollution and its influence on the biomass of a monsoon fed fresh water pond. Poll. Res.16: 102-108. Ganapathi SV, 1941. Studies on the chemistry and Biology of ponds in the madras city, seasonal changes in the physical and chemical conditions of a garden of a garden pond containing aquatic vegetation. J.Madras Univ. 13:55-59 Ganesan M, Jayabalan N and Jegatheesan K, 2004. Environmental status and seasonal variation in the water quality studies of Pilavakkal reservoir at Western Ghats in India .Plant Arch, 4(1) 195-20 Govindan VS, and Sundersen BB, 1979. Seasonal succession of algal flora in polluted regionofAdyar rivers Indian J. Env .Hlth., 21:131-142. Govindaswamy CL, Kannan A and Jayapoul A, 2000. Seasonal variation in physicochemical properties and primary production in the coastal water biotopes of coromandal coast. India. J.Env.Biol. 21:1-8 Joshi G, and Adoni AD, 1993. Studies on some water quality parameters of two central indian lakes and evaluation of their trophic status. Ecology and Pollution of Indian lakes and Reservoirs 10:225-236. Judit P, 1992. Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in large shallow lake (Balaton,Hungary)-dynamic approach to ecological memory, its possible role and mechanisms J.Ecology, 80 :217-230. Laxminarayana JSS, 1965a. Studies on the phytoplankton of the river Tanga Varanasi, India apart-I, the Physico-chemical characteristics of river Ganga. Hydrobiologia, 25:119-137 Laxminarayana JSS, 1965b. Studies on phytoplankton of river ganga Varanasi, India . Part-II Phytolankton in releation to fish population. Hydrobiologia, 25:171-175. Mandal TN, Kumari K and Saha KMP, 1999. Assesment of primary production of wetland of north Bihar. Eco. Env and Cons. 5:39-49. ManikyaReddy P and Venkateshwarlu V, 1989. Ecology of algae in the paper mill effluents and their impacton the river Tungabadhra, J.env. Biol. 7:215-22. Munawar M, 1970. Limnological studies on certain polluted and unpolluted environments. Hydrobiologia, 39: 105-128. Nandan SN and Patel RJ, 1986. Studies on algal communities in river Visheamitri Baroda as indicators of organic pollution .Indian J.Ecol.10: 11-15 Odum HT, 1956. Primary Production in flowing waters. Limn .Oceangr. 1:102-117 Pathak V, 1976. Evaluation of primary productivity of Nagarjunasagar reservoir (A.P) as a function of hydrological and limnological parameters J.Inland Fish .Soc .India 11: 49-68.

Bioscience Discovery, 4(1):111-116, Jan. 2013 ISSN: … 4 No1 Jan 13/U Anitha...Bioscience...

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