BIO’s CATS

Field, modelling, chemistry and instrumentation work

November 2006

Simon Prinsenberg, Jim Hamilton and Peter Rhines

1 - Field work +Data

2 - Modelling

3 - Instrumentation

Salinity

δ1

8O

(‰

)0

-30

0 35

seawater

Meteoric water(rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater)

Sea-ice meltwater

4 - Chemistry

Field/Data –

Jim Hamilton

Muray Scotney

Roger Petipas

Peter Rhines

Modelling –

Charles Hannah

Dave Greenberg

Youyu Lu

Fred Dupont

Instrumentation –

George Fowler

Brain Beamlands

Greg Siddall

Peter Rhines

Chemistry –

Kumico Atzuo-Scott

Project’s aim is to monitor and simulate

The fluxes through the CAA as part of the Arctic-Atlantic ocean conveyor belt circulation

From G. Holloway

CAA- Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Barrow Strait - Lancaster Sound

Three major straits through

the CAA

Survey area

(red Box)

Grid show the

diagnostic finite element model domain

(20058 elements)

Observation Problems:

Magnetic north pole

Mobile ice cover

Modelling Problems:

Complex topography

Lack of bathymetric and oceanographic data

North Pole

Lancaster Sound year-long mooring 2004-05

south north

Software and hardware to measure current direction

in Low-horizontal Magnetic field with mid-water floats

Magnetic direction 88O

in CAA

Vertical direction 90O

by Jim Hamilton

normally

ADCP with role/tilt compass

- Watson Compass provides role-tilt and magnetic Pole direction

- This provides current magnetic direction data

- Corrected by Resolute magnetic data for wandering magnetic North Pole .

- To finally provide current direction to true north

- Special data processing

Measuring current direction in Low-horizontal Magnetic field

2004

True North

Magnetic

North

Lancaster sound survey

-

Deployment of

ADCP and battery pack

ULS mounted between two A2-SUBsIce draft measurements (2sec. data)

Lancaster Sound August 2004

- First 6-years of field data

Ocean statistics

from time series data

Surface current

Barrow Strait3 month average

from bi-hourly data

Ocean and pack ice

statistics

from time series data

Plots? Tables?

Website?

Currents at 80m

Barrow Strait

3 month average

from bi-hourly data

Ocean and pack ice

statistics

from time series data

Plots? Tables?

Website?

Ice velocity

Barrow Strait

3 month average

from bi-hourly data

Ice draft plot monthly max., mean and Std. Dev.

from 2sec time series data

Weekly and monthly fluxes for Aug. 98 to July 05 (7 years of data)

(seasonal weighted 2/3 southern site data and 1/3 northern site data)

Volume Transport

-1E+06

0E+00

1E+06

2E+06

3E+06

m3 /s

ec

-5.0E+07

0.0E+00

5.0E+07

1.0E+08

Fresh Water Transport

-1E+05

0E+00

1E+05

2E+05

m3 /s

ec

Heat Flux

-1.5E+13

-1.0E+13

-5.0E+12

0.0E+00

5.0E+12

Aug-98 Feb-99 Aug-99 Jan-00 Jul-00 Jan-01 Jul-01 Jan-02 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jun-05

Time

Jo

ule

s/s

ec

Summer

Yearly and seasonal mean estimated fluxes passing through Lancaster Sound in units of Sv (= 106m3/s).

Year Fall Winter Spring Summer

1998/99 Volume 0.4 -0.0 0.4 0.5 0.7

Freshw. 0.03 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.04

1999/00 Volume 0.9 0.3 0.9 1.1 1.3

Freshw. 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.08

2000/01 Volume 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.2

Freshw. 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.07

2001/02 Volume 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.9

Freshw. 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.07

2002/03 Volume 0.9 0.6 0.5 1.2 1.1

Freshw. 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.9

2003/04 Volume 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.2

Freshw. 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.09

2004/05 Volume 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.9

Freshw. 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.-6

Monthly mean volume flux through eastern Barrow Strait derived from 6-year of mooring data (Aug. 1998 – Aug. 2004).

Transports from mooring data and their variability NAO

Fresh Water Transport and the NAO Index with 8 month lag

-120000

-80000

-40000

0

40000

80000

120000

Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04

m3 /s

ec

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

NA

O In

de

x

2 - Modelling

Modelling Problems:

Complex topography

Lack of bathymetric and oceanographic data

D. Greenberg,

C. Hannah

F. Dupont

Summer surface currents (arrows)

for

-10cm Baffin Bay set-up

color code is for depth contours

Ice concentration during the 1 year run coupled to AIM

Sep 89 June 1990 July 1990

August 1990 Sep 1990

Surface ocean current during the 1 year run coupled to AIM

Sep 89 Dec 89 Mars 90

June 1990 Sep 1990

WebTide

C. Hannah

WebTide

Tidal Currents

Future: wind effects

Increased # grids

3-4km at transect

Good for shore erosion, ship mooring sites and harbours

Ocean module based on NEMO (OPA) and CICE ice module

Domain covers Arctic

Ocean and sub-polar NA; a subset of global 1/4º MERCATOR grids

Minimum grid size 6 km in CAA and maximum15 km in Arctic Ocean and up to 40 vertical levels

480x468x40 grids Youyu LU

Large scale Ice-ocean Model (DFO and IPY)

Ice thickness

3 - Instrumentation

3 - Instrumentation

Sensor Float

MidwaterFloat

AcousticRelease

EM Cable

ICYCLER #2ICYCLER:

Surface layer CTD profiler moored beneath mobile

pack ice

Problem:

Can not moor instruments in surface layer because of mobile

ice cover, and yet there is where the large variability in the

oceanographic parameters occur.

25m

50m

By George Fowler

ICYCLER #1 provided yearlong CTD-Chl data set 2003-2004 from Lancaster Sound

Fluorescence

Temperature

Yearlong Aug 2003- Aug 2004

South-side Barrow Strait, Under-estimation of Fresh Water Transport in the top 30 m.

-6.0E+04

-4.0E+04

-2.0E+04

0.0E+00

2.0E+04

4.0E+04

6.0E+04

8.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.2E+05

Aug-00 Oct-00 Jan-01 Apr-01 Jul-01Date

Fre

sh W

ater

Tra

nsp

ort

(m

3/s

ec)

Fresh Water Transport (Icycler)

Icycler Minus Microcat

Freshwater flux is underestimated by 30m MicroCat data

season days ICYCLER MCat DeltaS. V cm/s %∆ fw

Sum03 40 29.83 31.13 -1.40 35 -28

Fall03 91 30.42 31.23 -0.81 15 -19

Win04 91 31.25 31.41 -0.16 07 -04

Spr04 91 31.43 31.74 -0.31 08 -10

Sum04 42 31.08 31.76 -0.68 15 -18

SeaMotor

Icycler60 Barrow Strait 2004/06 MicroCAT (located under winch) Depth - Note: Not All Data Shown

0

50

100

150

200

250

4-A

ug

-04

20

-Au

g-0

4

6-S

ep

-04

22

-Se

p-0

4

9-O

ct-0

4

25

-Oct

-04

11

-No

v-0

4

27

-No

v-0

4

14

-De

c-0

4

30

-De

c-0

4

16

-Ja

n-0

5

1-F

eb

-05

18

-Fe

b-0

5

6-M

ar-

05

23

-Ma

r-0

5

8-A

pr-

05

25

-Ap

r-0

5

11

-Ma

y-0

5

27

-Ma

y-0

5

13

-Ju

n-0

5

29

-Ju

n-0

5

16

-Ju

l-0

5

1-A

ug

-05

18

-Au

g-0

5

3-S

ep

-05

20

-Se

p-0

5

6-O

ct-0

5

23

-Oct

-05

8-N

ov-

05

25

-No

v-0

5

11

-De

c-0

5

28

-De

c-0

5

13

-Ja

n-0

6

30

-Ja

n-0

6

15

-Fe

b-0

6

4-M

ar-

06

20

-Ma

r-0

6

6-A

pr-

06

22

-Ap

r-0

6

9-M

ay-

06

25

-Ma

y-0

6

Mic

roC

AT

De

pth

(m

)

Depth (m)

Seacat

pressure data

Lost-found

ICYCLER

Aug. 04 – Aug. 06

- Profiler line spooled out

- Buoyancy tank imploded but sealed

- Baterry dead and Corrosion

Salinity

δ1

8O

(‰

)

0

-30

0 35

seawater

Meteoric water(rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater)

Sea-ice meltwater

4 - Chemistry

How to use oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) to quantify the fresh water compositions

Water is a mixture of seawater and meteoric waterWater is a mixture of seawater, meteoric water and sea-ice meltwater

Water is a mixture of seawater and sea-ice meltwater

Salinity

δ1

8O

(‰

)0

-30

0 35

seawater

Meteoric water(rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater)

Sea-ice meltwater

light oxygen (O-16) enriched

heavy oxygen (O-18) enriched

How to use Total Alkalinity to quantify the fresh water compositions

Water is a mixture of seawater and sea ice meltwaterWater is a mixture of seawater, river runoff and sea-ice meltwater

Water is a mixture of seawater and river runoff

salinity

To

tal

Alk

alin

ity

Seawater

Sea Ice, rain, snow meltwater

River runoff

0 350

2300

Barrow Strait

19801977

2003

δ18O vs. salinity (0-100m)

y = 0.35x - 13.10R2 = 0.80

y = 0.38x - 14.16R2 = 0.57

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

026 28 30 32 34 36 38

salinity

δ18

O

1977&19802003

Seasonality ?Time series data

Salinityδ

18O

(‰

)

0

-30

0 35

seawater

Meteoric water(rain, snow, river runoff, glacial meltwater)

Sea-ice meltwater

Yearlong water sampler to determine δ18O

MicroLab by Environtech

Where are we heading with the CAA research

-Moorings in until August 2007?????

-Modelling effort reduced at moment effort on data processing

- Waiting for B-Base funding cycle to clear PERD (by early 2007)

-Waiting for B-Base funding cycle to clear IPY (by early 2007)