Biomolecules and Biofuels Laura Penman. Q. Why Biofuel?
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Transcript of Biomolecules and Biofuels Laura Penman. Q. Why Biofuel?
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Biomolecules and Biofuels
Laura Penman
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Q. Why Biofuel?
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What are the sources of biofuel?
• A Biofuel can be any renewable organic molecule that releases usable energy
– Renewable: able to be generated repeatedly– Organic: based on carbon skeletons
» From living things or once-living things
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Four different kinds of organic molecules• Carbohydrates– Sugar-based (starches, glycogen, cellulose)
• Proteins– Amino acid based (actin, keratin, collagen)
• Lipids– Don’t mix well with water (oils and fats)
• Nucleic Acids– Nucleotide-based (DNA and RNA)
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Molecules can be put together
Dehydration Synthesis!!
OH HO
O
O-HH
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Molecules can also be broken down
O
OH HO
O-HH
Hydrolysis
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Note that water (H20) is involved in both!
• Dehydration synthesis removes H+ and OH- from two different molecules to synthesize (put together) a polymer
• Hydrolysis uses a water molecule to split (lyse) a big molecule into two smaller ones
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Connections to biofuel
• Hydrolysis is often used to release energy from molecules
(Dehydration synthesis is used to build complex polymers)
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Your body uses organic molecules as fuel
Calorie : a measure of energy in a molecule
• 9 calories /gram lipids• 4 calories/gram carbohydrate • 4 calories / gram protein
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So do your automobile engines
• Biodiesel• Oil-based• plant or animal sources
• Ethanol• Sugar-based• Plant sources
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Q. What is “ethanol”?
• Aka. ethyl alcohol• Clear, colorless liquid• Flammable
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Q. How is alcohol/ethanol made?
• By fermenting sugars– Fructose – Maltose– SucroseWhat do you suppose “-ose” means?
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Q. How does the sugar get fermented?• By yeast, when oxygen
isn’t present
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BASIC ethanol production
Carbohydrate source sugars ethanol
EASYBeen there, done that
The challenge
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Does ethanol production from carbohydrates involve
Hydrolysis or
Dehydration synthesis?
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BASIC ethanol production
Carbohydrate source sugars ethanol
EASYBeen there, done that
The challenge
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“Major players” in biofuel ethanol(NOT grape juice)
• Corn sugars/starches• PRO: fermentation technique is established
– Starchsugar ethanol
• CON: $ to plant each year, irrigate, fertilize
• Sugar cane• PRO: fermentation technique is established
– Sugar ethanol
• CON: doesn’t grow in the USA
• Switchgrass and willow• PRO: native perennial to most of USA, easy to grow• CON: processing is not worked out yet
– Cellulose-->sugar?????
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Which leads us to today’s lab…
• Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) --a low-cost and low-labor source of cellulose in this region
– Perennial (harvest biomass yearly)– Minimal nutrient requirements– Able to handle a range of water conditions
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Plant cell
Cell wall
Cellulose fibers
Fiber
Cellulose +
Hemicellulose +
Lignin
Microfibers
Cellulose +
Hemicellulose
Cellulose Molecule
Switchgrass
Cellulose is in the cell walls of each plant cell
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Switchgrass provides a great source of biomass (potential fuel)
• BIG organic molecules (like cellulose) are called polymers– Made from small subunit molecules called
monomers
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Cellulose structure
glucose
Cellulose is a chain molecule made of small units of glucose (sugar):
Choose one: Cellulose is a monomer or polymer?
Choose one: Glucose is a monomer or polymer?
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A special chemical was found that breaks down cellulose polymers into glucose!
• If we maximize this breakdown process, we will have plenty of glucose to ferment!
• Your challenges are : – To determine what kind of molecule “accellerase” is
(Part 1)– To determine the effect of pH on this process! (Part 2)
AccelLerase
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• Accellerase is an organic molecule
• You will learn which type in lab (Part II)– Indicators change colors in the presence of certain
molecules
• Benedicts turns blue-- if it is a sugar• Iodine turns black-- if it is a starch• Biurets turns purple-- if it is a protein• Sudan IV turns red-- if it is a lipid
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• What kind of molecule is Accellerase?
Sugar Carbohydrate
StarchCarbohydrate
Protein Lipid
Test name
Color of negative controlMaterial in positive control
Color or positive controlColor of Accellerase after test
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Maximizing “Accellerase”
• What can we control in order to get the most “bang for our buck”?
– Prepare experiment to study two factors• 1) pH • 2) size of switchgrass material
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Size of switchgrass material
• Your group will be assigned one of the following types of switchgrass
– Cut switchgrass leaves– Pelletized switchgrass leaves– Powdered switchgrass leaves
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Every group will examine the effect of pH on “accellerase” activity
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• Treatment series 1 (Tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4)– 4 tubes containing 15 ml of the following solutions
pH 3, pH 5, pH 7, pH 9
– Add 5 g switchgrass to each tube– Add 0.5 ml Accellerase
• Treatment series 2 (Tubes 5, 6, 7, and 8)– 4 tubes containing 15 ml of the following solutions
pH 3, pH 5, pH 7, pH 9
– Add 5 g switchgrass to each tube– DO NOT add Accellerase
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pH ___3____ pH ___5____ pH ___7____ pH ____9___Switchgrass + Accellerase
Switchgrass without Accellerase
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ASSIGNMENT for next lab period:
• Complete questions in handout for part I
• Also form hypotheses regarding pH and pretreatment of switchgrass
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• Did accellerase increase glucose production?• Were the effects of accellerase similar for all pH
levels?• Which pH helped accellerase work the best?
Prepare a graph showing your results.• Based on your graph, which pH range would you
want to test as you “iron out” the technique?
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“Accellerase” & Cellulose breakdown
•Some enzymes are used by organisms to break down (digest) polymers
(Other enzymes are used by organisms to build polymers)
•Enzymes end with “-ase”
•Cellulase enzymes can break down cellulose into its sugar molecules.
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Conversion of cellulose
Cellulase (enzyme)
Cellulose molecule
1- The enzyme recognizes the cellulose molecule
2- The enzyme cuts the atomic bond
3- One molecule of glucose is released
4- The enzyme advances to the other unit
The enzyme processes along the cellulose molecule
The cellulose is converted into fermentable sugars
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Enzymes are proteins
The function of enzymes relies on their shape.Denaturation: permanent loss of enzyme function by
permanently altering its shape
Temperature – too highpH— too high or too low
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Biomolecule Review• Remember that
– Ethanol is “sugar-based”
– Biodiesel is “lipid-based”
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?
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Source for ethanol or biofuel?