Biomolecules
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Transcript of Biomolecules
© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.
Biochemistry
Introduction of Macromolecules
© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.
WORD BREAKDOWN: macromolecule
© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.
WORD BREAKDOWN: macromolecule
MoleculeMacro
Opposite of “micro”
LARGE Molecule
© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.
Biochemistry
•Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. •Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. •Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms.
Organic SubstancesOrganic substances, macromolecules, or biomolecules make up all living things.
The four groups of substances we will learn are:
• carbohydrates• lipids• proteins• nucleic acids
Organic Substances
PolyPolymersmers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomonomersmers.
Organic Substances
• OK cool, but what do “mono” and “poly” mean?
Hint: monolingual, monotone, & monologue
Mono = ONE!
Organic SubstancesWhat does “poly” mean?
• Hint: polymorphic and polytheism
Poly = more than 1
OR many
Organic Substances
PolyPolymersmers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomonomersmers.
This statement should now make more sense now that we know the vocab root meaning!
Organic Substances
Think of biomolecules as “giant molecules” formed from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules.
Monomers (links) are the smaller units which are joined together to form polymers (bike chain)
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds that have the formula
Cn(H2O)n or 1:2:1
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104
• Carbon ringCarbon ring• CC66HH1212O O 66
• Fuel for Fuel for RespirationRespiration
Monosaccharides
• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6
Polysaccharides
A storage molecule found in plants. Plants
store sugars in the form of starch for later use.
More to come about these two!
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Monosaccharides
???(coming soon)
Quick Energy
???(coming soon)
GlucoseFructose
???(coming soon)
Benedict’s Reagent
???(coming soon)
Glycerol+
Fatty Acid tails
Lipids
• Comprised of C, H, and O.• Lipids are insoluble in water. • Lipids include phospholipids,
and fats (AKA triglycerides).
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204
Glycerol+
Fatty Acid tails
Lipids
Glycerol Fatty Acid tails
What do these all have in common?Which one is different?
A
B
C
DE
F
Saturated• Animal fats• Solid at room temp• Lacks double bond
in Carbon chain
Unsaturated• Plant fats• Remain liquid at
room temp.• Has a double bond
in Carbon chain
Lipids
LIPIDS
“PHOSPHO”LIPID
LIPIDS
UNSATURATED
TRANS FAT
LIPIDSMajor Food Sources of Trans Fat for American
Adults
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
•Cholesterol•Phospholipids•Fats: Saturated Unsaturated
Stored energyInsulationCell Components
FatsOils Waxes
Sudan IIIBrown paper
Glycerol +Fatty acids
A central carbon atom Is bonded to:
•Amino group•Hydrogen atom•Carboxyl group•R group (varies)
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules
comprised of chains of amino acids.
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Amino acids
Nucleic Acid
Many typesBiuret’s Reagent
MeatsHormones
MuscleHairNails
EnzymesBlood Cells
catalysts transport
movement protectionimmune growth
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique
ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of
the cell’s activities.
The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES.nitrogen base
phosphate
sugar(Pentose- 5
Carbon)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or
deoxyribose (DNA).
NUCLEIC ACIDS
PHOSPHATE GROUP
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families:
• 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring.
• ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G)
• 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen
atoms.
• CYTOSINE (C)
• THYMINE (T) – DNA
• URACIL (U) - RNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS
ATP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
An individual nucleotide that
functions in energy transfer
(acts like a battery) in the cell.
adenine
ribose
triphosphate
Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Direct cell processesProtein SynthesisCellular energy
DNA RNAATP
None DNA RNAATP
Nucleotides