BIOMES IN THE OCEAN
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BIOMES IN THE OCEAN
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LIFE ZONES IN THE OCEAN
• HORIZONTAL ZONES–EXTENDING FROM LAND OUT
TO SEA• COASTAL, PELAGIC, NERITIC, OCEANIC
• VERTICAL ZONES–DISTANCE BELOW SEA SURFACE• NEUSTIC, EUPHOTIC, APHOTIC
• BENTHIC ZONE–SEA BOTTOM HABITANTS
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HORIZONTAL ZONE
• COASTAL ZONE (INTERTIDAL)– Region where tides expose the sea
bottom for some part of the day. Between High Tide and Low Tide.
– AKA: Littoral, Nearshore, Intertidal–Organizms adapted to harsh
environmental changes
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PELAGIC ZONE• LOCATED SEAWARD OF THE
COSTAL ZONE’S LOW-TIDE MARK.
• CONTAINS VAST OPEN WATER OF THE OCEAN.
• TWO SUBDIVISIONS:–NERITIC–OCEANIC
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PELAGIC ZONE• NERITIC ZONE–WATER OUTLYING THE CONTINENTAL
SHELF– USUALLY EXTEND TO A DEPTH OF
600FT– SUNLIGHT PENETRATES ENTIRE
COLUMN– GREATEST DENSITY AND DIVERSITY
OF LIFE
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PELAGIC ZONE• OCEANIC ZONE– REGION OF THE SEA EXTENDING
FROM THE EDGE OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF, OVER THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE, AND OVER THE OCEAN FLOOR
–DARKNESS, HIGH PRESSURES– VERTICAL ZONES ARE SIGNIFICANT
HERE
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BENTHIC ZONE• THE OCEAN FLOOR• CONTAINS ALL HABITANTS OF
THE SEA BOTTOM• COASTAL, CONTINENTAL SHELF,
DEEP OCEAN…
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VERTICAL ZONES• EPIPELAGIC ZONE– PHOTIC ZONE OR SUNLIGHT ZONE
• MESOPELAGIC ZONE–DISPHOTIC ZONE OR TWILIGHT
ZONE• BATHYPELAGIC ZONE– APHOTIC ZONE OR MIDNIGHT ZONE
• ABYSSOPELAGIC ZONE– APHOTIC ZONE OR MIDNIGHT ZONE
• HADOPELAGIC ZONE– APHOTIC ZONE OR MIDNIGHT ZONE
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EPIPELAGIC ZONE
• PHOTIC ZONE• ENOUGH SUNLIGHT FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS• PRIMARY AREA OF FOOD PRODUCTION• SURFACE TO 200M
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MESOPELAGIC ZONE
• DISPHOTIC ZONE (DYSPHOTIC)
• NOT ENOUGH SUNLIGHT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS• 200M TO 1000M
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MIDNIGHT ZONES
• NO SUNLIGHT• 1000M TO BOTTOM (AROUND
11,000M LOWEST)• LOW DENSITY AND DIVERSITY
OF LIFE
• 1000M – 4000M : BATHYPELAGIC ZONE
• 4000M – 6000M : ABYSSOPELAGIC ZONE
• 6000M – 11000M : HADOPELAGIC ZONE
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LIFESTYLES• 3 BASIC LIFESTYLES–PLANKTON–NEKTON–BENTHOS
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PLANKTON• FLOATERS OR VERY POOR
SWIMMERS• 2 GROUPS– PHYTOPLANKTON : PRODUCERS,
PHOTOSYNTHESIZERS– ZOOPLANKTON : CONSUMERS
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PHYTOPLANKTON
• MUST LIVE IN PHOTIC ZONE
• MOST ABUNDANT IN SHALLOW COASTAL AREAS OR IN UPWELLING ZONES
• BASIS OF OCEANIC FOOD CHAIN
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PHYTOPLANKTON
• CYANOBACTERIA• DIATOMS• COCCOLITHOPHORES• DINOFLAGELLATES
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ZOOPLANKTON• FORAMINIFERS• RADIOLARIANS• COMBJELLIES• ANTHROPODS• LARVAE
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PLANKTON• MEROPLANKTON–SPEND ONLY PART OF THEIR
LIFE CYCLES AS PLANKTON–ARE THE LARVAL STAGES OF
ORGANISMS THAT GROW TO BECOME BENTHIC OR NEKTONIC ORGANISMS
• HOLOPLANKTON–SPEND THEIR ENTIRE LIFE
CYCLES AS PLANKTON
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NEKTON• FREE SWIMMERS• MANEUVER ACTIVELY IN WATER
COLUMN• FOUND IN THE WATER COLUMN
FROM SURFACE TO FLOOR
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NEKTON• 5 CATEGORIES–REPTILES–MAMMALS–FISH–ANTHROPODS–MOLLUSKS
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NEKTON•MARINE REPTILES–TURTLES–SNAKES–CROCODILES–IGUANAS
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NEKTON• MARINE MAMMALS–WHALES–SEALS–OTTERS–MANATEES–DOLPHINS
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NEKTON• BONY FISH–TUNA–BARRACUDA–EELS–ANGLER FISH
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NEKTON• CARTILAGINOUS FISH–SHARKS–RAYS–SKATES
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NEKTON•MARINE ANTHROPODS–SHRIMP–CRABS–LOBSTERS–HORSESHOE CRABS
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NEKTON•MOLLUSKS–SQUID–OCTOPI–SNAILS–MUSSELS–CLAMS
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BENTHOS• BOTTOM DWELLERS• LIVE ON OR ARE ATTACHED
TO BOTTOM• FILTER FEEDERS OR
SCAVENGERS• 2 TYPES–SESSILE : LIVE ATTACHED TO
BOTTOM–VAGRANT : ABLE TO MOVE
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BENTHOS - SESSILE
• BARNACLES• SPONGES• CORALS• SEA ANEMONES• OYSTERS• CLAMS• STEAMERS, MMM
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BENTHOS - VAGRANT
• CRABS• SEA STARS• SEA CUCUMBERS• SEA URCHINS• BRITTLE STARS
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SEA LIFE