Ming Li, Ph.D.

Professor of Materials Science and Engineering

Central South University

E-mail:liming0823@csu.edu.cn

Office: Room 308, Chemistry Building, Main Campus

BIOMATERIALS

Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview

Sept. 09, 2019

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Biography:

• Now, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering

• Postdoctoral:

Johns Hopkins University

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

University of Notre Dame

• PhD: West Virginia University

Our Research

Group website: www.ming-group.com

1. To explore novel materials, metamaterials: light-matter

interactions, plasmonics, fluorescence, surface-enhanced

Raman scattering, …

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2. To develop biosensors and non-invasive techniques for in

vitro diagnostics of early stage disease (i.e., cancer)

• blood

• urine• breath analysis

• saliva

What biomarkers?How many?

❖ Our Research

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• Wearable biosensors

Pregnancy test is in principle a lateral flow immunoassay

• Take-at-home diagnostics

❖ Our Research

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3. To develop theranostic (combined diagnostics with

therapy) solutions to diseases (i.e., cancers)

multifunctional

materials (i.e., drug, hyperthermia)

Biosensing

Bioimaging

Fluorescence

Surface-enhanced

Raman scattering

SPR, …

❖ Our Research

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BIOMATERIALS

Goals:

❑ Differentiate the class of biomaterials and understand

their intrinsic properties;

❑ Understand the principles of biomaterials design and

development;

❑ Have a broad knowledge of biomaterials including

metallic, polymeric, ceramic and composite and their use

in typical devices and clinical applications;

❑ Have a basic understanding of the human anatomy,

human histology, cell and genes in the context for the

design requirements of biomedical devices;

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❑Understand the responses of living tissues to implanted

biomaterials;

❑Be familiar with various evaluation techniques and

biomaterials and their medical devices;

❑Appreciate basic medical concepts and communicate

effectively with medical community;

❑Be familiar with methods of assessing the

biocompatibility;

❑Design and use biosensors and medical devices for

biomedical applications;

❑Understand regulations and ethical responsibilities in the

process of developing biomaterials and medical devices

Goals (contd.):

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Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to

Materials in Medicine (3rd Edition, 2013),

edited by B. Ratner, A. Hoffman, F. Schoen,

and J. Lemons, Elsevier Academic Press

ISBN: 978-0-12-374626-9

Textbook:

Free electronic version of this

book is available on-line!

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123746269

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Covered Topics

1. Introduction and Overview

2. Properties of Materials

3. Metals as Biomaterials

4. Ceramics, glasses, and Glass-Ceramics

5. Carbon Biomaterials

6. Microparticles and Nanoparticles-1

7. Microparticles and Nanoparticles-2

8. Polymers as Biomaterials

9. Hydrogels

10. Porous Biomaterials and Composites

11. Cell Biology and Function, and Cell-Biomaterial Interaction

12. Tissue Engineering and Several Cases of Applications of

Biomaterials

13. Inflammation, Would Healing and the Foreign-Body Response

Dr. Vinh X Truong

Department of Materials

Science and Engineering

Monash University, Australia

Oct. 14-Nov. 01, 2019

one more class/week

What time?

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14. Biological Testing of Biomaterials-1

15. Biological Testing of Biomaterials-2

16. Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications of Biomaterials-1

17. Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications of Biomaterials-2

18. Biomaterials for in vivo Bioimaging

19. Surface Properties of Biomaterials

20. Surface Characterization of Biomaterials

21. Surface Modification and Surface-Protein Interactions

22. Surface Patterning

23. Medical Devices

24. Introduction to Biosensors

25. Optical Biosensors-1

26. Optical Biosensors-2

27. Bioelectrodes and Wearable Medical Devices

28. Cancer and Cancer Biology

29. Diagnostic Applications of Biomaterials

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Grading

❑ Biomaterials: 4 credit hours

20% class attendance

20% quiz&homework

60% exam

❑ Final grade:

❑ Weeks 3-18

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• Two class absences in total will be allowed without

excuse.

• Permission for class absence is needed with approval at

least 24 hours before class (e.g., emergency, sick, …).

• 30 min late will be treated as absence

Note

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• Turn off

• Airplane mode

No phone

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Slides can be downloaded from my website

after class:

www.ming-group.com

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BIOMATERIALS:

Introduction and Overview

Biomaterials Science: A Multidisciplinary Endeavor

❑ Biomaterials science addresses both therapeutics and

diagnostics. It encompasses basic sciences (biology, chemistry,

physics), and engineering and medicine.

❑ The translation of biomaterials science to clinically important

medical devices is dependent on:

a) sound engineering design;

b) testing in vitro, in animals and in humans;

c) clinical realities;

d) the involvement of industry permitting product

development and commercialization.

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The path from the basic science of biomaterials, to a

medical device, to clinical application:

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Definition of Biomaterials:

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical

device, intended to interact with biological systems.

—Williams, 1987

Definition of Biocompatibility:

“Biocompatibility” is the ability of a material to perform with an

appropriate host response in a specific application.

—Williams, 1987

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Biological Response to Contact with Materials

A study of the molecular and cellular events that follow

contact with biological fluids or tissues whether in vitro or

in vivo from initial contact to the eventual culmination of the

response.

1. Thrombosis

2. Hemolysis

3. Inflammation

4. Infection and Sterilization

5. Carcinogenesis

6. Hypersensitivity

7. Systemic Effects

…

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Biocompatible:

A general term meaning that a biomaterial, device or

construct can be brought into direct contact with living

tissue without:

• causing a harmful tissue reaction (pain, swelling or

necrosis) that could compromise function;

• causing a systemic toxic reaction; or

• having tumorigenic potential.

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Biocompatibility testing include procedures

designed to evaluate:

• cytotoxicity;

• acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity;

• irritation to skin, eyes, and mucosal surfaces;

• sensitization;

• hemocompatibility;

• short-term implantation effects;

• genotoxicity;

• carcinogenicity; and effects on reproduction,

including developmental effects.

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Key Applications of Synthetic Materials and Modified Natural Materials

in Medicine

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Biomaterials Market: Global Forecast to 2024

Biomaterials Market, by Region (USD Billion)

Source: Marketsandmarkets Analysis

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The Evolution of the Biomaterials Science

& Technology

▪ 1st generation (since 1950s)

Goal: Biointerness

▪ 2nd generation (since 1980s)

Goal: Bioactivity

▪ 3rd generation (since 2000s)

Goal: Regenerate functional

tissue

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Logic of Materials Science

Properties

• Physical

• Biological

Performance/Application

Structure

Synthesis

+processing

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Biomaterials include:

• Metals

• Polymers

• Ceramics

• Biocomposites;

• Biologically derived

biomaterials;

…

Metals(titanium, stainless steel)

Polymers(UHMWPE, PMMA)

Ceramics(alumina, bioglass);

Biological biomaterials(chitin nacre)

What is the similarity between all these

widely different materials?

They all have uncontrolled interfacial proteins!

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Some application of biomaterials

❑ In medical applications, biomaterials are rarely used as

isolated materials, but are more commonly integrated into

devices or implants.

❑Biomaterials are integrated into biomedical devices to

improve quality of life.

i.e. biomaterials keep the legs moving, heart beating, ears

hearing, blood flowing, eyes seeing.

Prosthetic heart valves. hip prosthesis

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Some application of biomaterials (contd.)

Dental root form implants

Multipiece intraocular lenses Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

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Characteristics of Biomaterials

Science

Biomaterials science:

• multidisciplinary;

• multi-material;

• clinical need-driven;

• substantial market;

• risk–benefit issues.

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Sutures

(linen,

catgut)

Gold in

dentistry

Nacre

tooth

implant

Pumps

and

cell

culture

Intra

ocular

lenses

Hip

prostheses

Vascular

prostheses

Artificial

heart,

kidney

30, 000 B.C. 600 B.C. 1940s 1950s

History of biomaterials

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• More than 2000 years ago, Romans, Chinese, and Aztec’s used gold

in dentistry.

• Late 18th-19th century, various metal devices to fix bone fracture: wire

and pins from Iron, gold, silver and platinum;

• 1860-1870 aseptic surgical units (the use of biomaterials did not

become practical until the advent of an aseptic surgical technique

develop by Dr. J. Lister;

• Early 1900 bone plates were introduced to aid in fixation of long bone

fracture. However, many of these early plates broke due to

unsophisticated mechanical design;

-too thin

-had stress concentrating corners

-corrode rapidly in the body

until Introduction of stainless steel and cobalt chromium alloys

History of biomaterials (contd.)

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• 1930s introduction of stainless steel and cobalt chromium

alloys

• 1937 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) introduced in

dentistry.

• 1958, Pob suggests Dacron Fabrics can be used to

fabricate an arterial prosthetic.

History of Biomaterials (contd.)

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Current status of the biomaterials field

• Today, the biomaterials market is expected to reach $207

Billion in 2024 from $105 Billion in 2018, growing at a

CAGR of 14.5%.

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• Cardiovascular area:

approximately 10, 000 replacement heart valves and 300, 000

vascular graft implanted per year in United States;

• Artificial joint replacements:

Over 500, 000 artificial joint replacements, such as knee or

hip, are implanted yearly in United States.

Current status of the biomaterials field (contd.)

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Future Direction

• Starting 1960s-1970s

a) The 1st generation of biomaterials was designed to be inert, or not

reactive with the body;

b) Decreasing the potential for negative immune response to the implant.

• In 1990s until now

a) Materials designed to be bioactive, interacting in positive manner with

the body to promote localized healing.

b) Development of “smart” material which can help guide the biological

response in the implant area.

c) Design of injectable materials that can be applied locally and with

minimal pain to the patient.

d) New set of nano-structured biomaterials for nano-scale objects as

reinforcing agents.

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Reading Materials:

Book: Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials

in Medicine (3rd Edition, 2013)

• Introduction-Biomaterials Science: An Evolving

Multidisciplinary Endeavor

• History of Biomaterials

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Lecture 2: Properties of Materials

On Wednesday, Sept. 11 , 2019

Next Lecture