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Biomass Biomass Gasification: Emerging Gasification: Emerging Technologies for Converting Technologies for Converting
Biomass toBiomass to Pipeline-Quality SNG Pipeline-Quality SNG
presented toWisconsin Public Utility Institute
Natural Gas SymposiumJuly 22, 2008
byVann Bush
Gas Technology Institute
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Gas Technology InstituteGas Technology Institute
> Not-for-profit R&D– 50+ yr history in gasification
– Extensive commercialization activities
– Staff of 240 (70% scientists and engineers, 38 PhD’s, 15 PE
licenses)
> Addressing Key Issues for the Natural Gas Industry– Contract Research
– Program Management
– Technical Services
– Education and TrainingOver 1,000 patentsNearly 500 products commercialized
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DELIVERY END USESUPPLY
Efforts Aligned with Efforts Aligned with the Industry Value Chainthe Industry Value Chain
Secure, stable, competitive domestic energy supply
• Unconventional Gas Resources
• Gasification for Alternative Supply
Strategic Focus
Address strategic concerns of domestic gas T&D infrastructure
• Safety• Pipeline Integrity• Cost Reduction• Efficiency
Improve affordability & applicability of gas
•Energy efficiency•Environmental performance•Interchangeability
Needs
C a r b o n M a n a g e m e n t
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Multiple Routes to Renewable Multiple Routes to Renewable Energy From BiomassEnergy From Biomass
Resource• Agriculture• Forestry• Animal Waste• Muncipal Waste
Conversion• Thermochemical
• gasification• pyrolysis
• Biochemical• anaerobic digestion• alcohol fermentation• activated waste
treatment
Use• Biopower
• electricity• heat• CHP
• Biofuels• methanol• ethanol / DME • F-T liquids• pyrolysis liquids• hydrogen• SNG
• Bioproducts• many ……
Gas Cleanup / Upgrading
• Particles• Tar, organics• Sulfur• NOx• CO2
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Biomass-Derived Methane ProductsBiomass-Derived Methane Products
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* Sustainable Natural Gas* Substitute Natural Gas
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Renewable SNG AdvantagesRenewable SNG Advantages
> Biomass-to-power in PC boiler– Lowest efficiency (~30%); limited co-firing range; boiler and
site modifications can be costly
> Biomass-to-power with gas turbine– Lower efficiency (40-50%) without waste heat integration;
real-time power pricing may reduce value of non-peak power
> Cellulosic fermentation– Modest efficiency (50%); limited distribution system; high
water demand; technology still in R&D
> BtL via Fischer-Tropsch– Modest efficiency (35-45%) without significant heat/steam
integration; higher capital; product needs further refining
> SNG– Higher efficiency (65-70%); increased efficiency with
waste heat integration; pipeline infrastructure-ready, storable product; commercial technology available
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Gasification – A Means to a Secure, Gasification – A Means to a Secure, Renewable Gas SupplyRenewable Gas Supply
Gasification
Excellent Environmental Performance
Carbon Management Opportunity
Syngas Pipeline Quality Gas/ Chemical Feedstock
Liquefaction
Power Plant Fuel
Power Plant
Pipeline / Chemical Plant
TransportationFuels
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HYGAS - SNG STEAM-IRON - H2
U-GAS - Syngas
RENUGAS - Syngas
Mild-GAS - Coal-refining
GTI Energy Development CenterGTI Energy Development Center
1951-19961951-19968
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What is Gasification?What is Gasification?
SORBENT/BED MATERIAL
FUEL:Coal, Biomass,
Wastes
GASIFIER
AIRor Oxygen
STEAM
ASH ANDSPENT
SORBENT
Products (syngas):
CO (carbon monoxide)
H2 (hydrogen)
(CO/H2 ratio can be adjusted)
By-products:
H2S (hydrogen sulfide)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Solids (minerals from fuel)
GasCleanupBeforeProduct
Use
Process Conditions:
Pressure = 1 to 60 atm or more
Temperature =1600 – 2600 °F
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100 ton per day Bioenergy Demo Plant in Hawaii using
bagasse
80 ton per day Gasification Pilot Plant in Tampere, Finland using
biomass & coal
GTI Biomass GTI Biomass Gasifier ProjectsGasifier Projects
165 ton per day CHP Plant in Skive, Denmark
using wood
40 ton per day Pilot Plant at GTI using
biomass & coal 11
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Simplified SNG Process Simplified SNG Process
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SNG
S, Cl, dust, etc.
CO2, H2O, H2
Biomass
Coal
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Syngas for Substitute Natural GasSyngas for Substitute Natural Gas
> Upstream units (gasifier, cleaning) similar to IGCC (power)
> Several Gasifier options – (feed flexibility, scale, gas quality differences)
> Downstream technologies for SNG production available from multiple providers
> One plant operational on coal since 1984 – several other projects announced
> No biomass – to – SNG commercial plants
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Commercial Methanation Systems Commercial Methanation Systems Produce SNG at Pipeline SpecsProduce SNG at Pipeline Specs
Example Product SpecsMole %
CH4 94 - 96
CO2 0.5 - 1
H2 0.5 - 1
CO nil
N2+Ar 2 - 3
HHV (Btu/scf) 948 - 975
Wobbe # 1257-1287
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Methanation Process Methanation Process by Haldor-Topsøeby Haldor-Topsøe
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Gasification TechnologyGasification Technology
• Direct, partial oxidation gasification (fixed
bed, multi-stage, fluidized bed, entrained flow)
• Indirect gasification (including steam
reforming)
• Hydrogasification
• Catalytic gasification
• Supercritical water gasification
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Some of the Biomass Gasifier Some of the Biomass Gasifier Technology Providers Technology Providers **
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IndirectIndirect (Battelle/FERCO/ (Battelle/FERCO/ SilvaGas/Taylor, SilvaGas/Taylor, Repotec, TUV)Repotec, TUV)
Multi-Stage Multi-Stage Choren Carbo-V, Choren Carbo-V,
BCTBCT
Fluidized Fluidized BedBedGTI, GTI,
Andritz/Carbona, Andritz/Carbona, EPI, Emery EPI, Emery
EnergyEnergy
** Fixed bed gasifiers not Fixed bed gasifiers not included.included.
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GTI independent
process simulation for a different set of technologies
also yields >65% net efficiency.
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Project Initiative in Göteborg, Project Initiative in Göteborg, SwedenSweden
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1 MW Pilot Plant for Slurry 1 MW Pilot Plant for Slurry Methanation Reactor in AustriaMethanation Reactor in Austria
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R&D of New Technical Aproaches R&D of New Technical Aproaches is Active in All Process Areasis Active in All Process AreasExamples include:• Gasification
– Supercritical water gasification – Catalytic gasification– Hydrogasification
• Syngas Conditioning– Tar catalysts– Multi-contaminant processes– Hot-gas cleanup
• Methanation Systems– Slurry reactors– Contaminant-resistant catalysts
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SummarySummary
> Biomass gasification and syngas methanation to SNG is a highly efficient process to produce a renewable gas product at natural gas pipeline quality.
> SNG can be produced from domestic biomass resources with current technologies. Several initiatives have been announced for European applications.
> Advanced technologies are being developed for all steps in the process, promising improved performance and economics.