Biomass Conversion Technologies: Heat, Electricity, and Liquid … · 2009-05-09 · Biomass...
Transcript of Biomass Conversion Technologies: Heat, Electricity, and Liquid … · 2009-05-09 · Biomass...
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Biomass Conversion Technologies: Heat, Electricity, and Liquid Fuels
John R. Shelly, UC Berkeley
Woody Biomass Workshop
Tulare, CA
May 5, 2009
John Shelly, UC Berkeley Cooperative Extension
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Global Carbon Cycle (billion metric tons)
119 1206.388 90
Vegetation and Soils
Caused by human activity
Oceans
+ 3.2 Billion tons per year to atmosphere
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US Energy Demand
50556065707580859095
100
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
Year
Qua
drill
ion
BT
U
Source: Energy Information Administration: Annual Energy Outlook 2007
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US Renewable Fuel Demand
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Bill
ion
Gal
lons
Source: Renewable Fuels Association 2007
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Biomass ?
• Animal related• Plant related – lignocellulosic materials
– Woody – More than 10% ligninstems and branches of trees and shrubs
– Non-Woody – less than 10% ligningrasses, non-tree agricultural crops
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Woody Biomass – more than just small trees
• Forest-based, non merchantable trees and residues
• Urban Wood Waste stream– Construction and demolition wood– Post-consumer use wood products– Tree removals and trimmings
• Chaparral• Energy plantations?
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Commercial Timberland - Biomass ?
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Harvesting Residues
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Idyllwild, CA – Population ~ 4,000
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Dense Stand of Small Diameter Trees
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Urban Woody Waste
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Source: California Biomass Collaborative Forum, 2005
Agricultural Residue (29%)
Forest-based (7%)
Wood Manuf. Residue (3%)
Chaparral (9%)Urban (51%)
Gross Total = 80 million BDT/year
California Biomass in 2005
Availablemillion BDT
AR = 9
F = 12
WM = 2
C = 0
U = 8_
Total = 31
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What Role Will Biomass Play in Helping Meet the Ever-Growing
Demand for Energy?
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Biochemical Potential
Softwoods Hardwoods
Cellulose 40-44 % 43-47 %
Hemicellulose 25-29 25-35
Lignin 25-31 16-24
Extractives 1-5 2-8
Ash < 1 < 1
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Organic Chemicals from BiomassMany Valuable Chemicals can be Made from Wood
• Pharmaceuticals -- Extraction
• Fragrances -- Extraction
• Charcoal, phenolic oils, -- Pyrolysis
• Alcohols - Thermochemical, Hydrolysis/Fermentation
• Bio-Gases (low BTU, high CO) -- Gasification
• Levulinic and Lactic acid (“building blocks”) –– Hydrolysis/Conversion
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Conversion Pathways
Combustion
Biochemical• Anaerobic digestion• Hydrolysis/Fermentation
Thermochemical • Pyrolysis• Gasification
HeatElectricityBio-dieselAlcoholOther organic chemicals
AlcoholOther organic chemicals
Heat Electricity
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• Resource Availability• Processing Cost
–Harvesting, raw material prep, manufacturing
• Product Quality
John Shelly, UC Berkeley Cooperative Extension Presented, Bioenery Conf. 3MAR06 at Denver
So What’s the Problem?
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Harvest
Collection
Transportation
Feedstock Prep.
Process Residue handling
Raw Material
Product
Emissions
Residue
E
E
E
E
E
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
E
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Combustion of Woody Biomass to produce heat and/or power
Large scale – California has biomass power plants that consume large quantities
of woody biomass
Small scale – units are available for space or process heat. Combined heat and power may be feasible
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Combustion
Fuel + AirFuel + Air
COCO22 + H+ H22O + OO + O22 + N+ N22+ Ash + Ash + Heat+ Heat+ Pollutants+ Pollutants
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Residential Pellet Stove ????
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2004 CA Electricity Production
Biomass2%
Imports19%
Solar & Wind 2%
Nuclear11%
Hydro12%
Oil0%
Coal10%
Geothermal5%
Natural Gas39%
Total Production: 275,091 GWhBiomass: 5, 997 GWh
Source: 2004 Net System Power Calculation Report, CEC-300-2005-004, CA Energy Commission
(18%)
(15%)
(15%)(2%) (31%)
(0.02%)
(13%)(5%)(1.5%)
(values in parenthesisare for year 1999)
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30 + MW 20 - 30 MW 10 - 20 MW 0 - 10 MW
Sawmill Cogen Other Biomass Power Plants
California Biomass Energy Facilities
A 10 MW (megawatt) generator can supply electricity to about 10,000 homes.
Total capacity of about 626 MW using 4.5 million bone dry tons of biomass per year • 22% forest base
• 29 % manuf. residue
• 28% Urban woody
• 21% Ag residue
Using less than 10% of total biomass available
and about 20% of forest based biomass available
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Typical CA Biomass Powerplant
• 20 MW plant produces about 130 GW/yr• New plant construction cost = $65 million +• Processes 140 - 200 thousand tons/yr
(1BDT/MW/hour)• Biomass transported up to 50 miles• Delivered Biomass valued at $15 - 25 per ton• Average production cost ~ $0.05 - $0.07/kWh
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40
Quantity (Million dry tons/y)
Co
st (
$/
dry
to
n)
Manure
s/Pro
cess
ing
Bio
solid
s/S
hells
/Pits
Orc
hard
Pru
nin
gs
Field
Cro
p R
esi
dues
Vegeta
ble
Cro
p R
esi
dues
MS
W--
Div
ert
ed
In-F
ore
st
Shru
b/C
haparr
al
Dedic
ate
d C
rops
Mill
Resi
dues/
Manure
s
California Statewide Resource Supply Curve
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– Biomass utilization policies– Relative price of natural gas and electricity– Environmental issues
• Emissions – particulates, CO2
• Carbon Accounting -- does biomass CO2 have a zero emission impact?
– Societal value placed on biomass disposal/use (e.g. reducing wildfire hazards)
The Future of Biomass Power Plants Depends on …
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Problems in Biomass and Waste Combustion
• Inorganic (ash) transformations lead to fouling of fireside surfaces in furnaces and boilers
• Fouling rate depends on composition and concentration of ash in fuel
• Slag formation on grates/Agglomeration in Fluid Beds• Increased corrosion/acid gas and potential toxics emissions• Increased maintenance, reduced capacity, reduced efficiency,
reduced availability
Alkali + silica+ sulfur
+chlorine+ organics
Complex Alkali-silicates,sulfates, chlorides,carbonates
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Environmental ImpactAir Emissions Open Field
BurningBiomass Fueled Boiler
Natural Gas Boiler
lb/Million BtuCO 6.89 2.267 0.058CO2 fossil 0 114.6CO2 non fossil 100 - 350 350.0 0NOx 0.36 0.250 0.301SOx 0.03 0.013 0.073VOC 0.74 0 0.009Methane 0 0.003Particulates 0.66 0.028 0.009
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Emissions by type of Combustion in pounds emitted per ton of Woody Biomass consumed
PM- 2.5 NOx CO VOC N2O
Industrial (dry fuel)
0.7 – 6.5 8.8 10.8 0.31 0.23
Industrial (wet fuel)
0.4 – 5.0
Residential Stove
6 - 23 45 – 100 2 – 14
Prescribed Burn
12 - 34 3 300 19.0 0.46
Wildfire 17 4.0 140 12 - 24 0.46
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Cellulose Hemi-Cellulose
Energy Cont ent (BTU/lb)
Yield (tons/acre)
Bulk Den. (kg/m3)
Million BTU/m3
Conversn ratio
Switch-grass
45% 45% 7,000 20 108 1.7
Miscanthus 45 24 7,700 60 80 1.4 5
Corn Stover 35 25 7,300 < 1
Bagasse 40 22 7,500 60 1
Wood 42 25 8,000 10 450 8 2 – 5
Coal 10,000 800 17.6
Competing Cellulosic Feedstocks
transportation costs and energy conversion ratio are impt.
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Pyrolysis Process
Biomass plus heat(about 500 C)
(limited or no Oxygen)
Tars, liquid hydrocarbons,bio-oil, bio-crude
Char
Changing process parameters leads to different products…Fast pyrolysis, Advanced Pyrolysis, Toreification
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Gasification Process
Biomass PyrolysisProducer gas* Micro-turbines
or Combustion
Char Conversion
Combustion
Char
Char
Heat
HeatExhaust Gases
Producer gas*
SO2 ~ 0.15 lbs per million BTUNOx ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTUCO ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTUParticulates ~ 0.025 lbs per mill ion BTU
(In excess of 600 oC)
* Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water.
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Biomass to ETOH Technologies
• Hydrolysis/Fermentation– Concentrated Sulfuric Acid– Dilute Sulfuric Acid– Dilute Nitric Acid– Enzymatic
• Thermal Reduction/Chemical Conversion– Gasification/Catalytic Conversion (Fischer-
Tropsch)
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Hydrolysis/Fermentation• Dilute nitric acid hydrolysis
– Separates the 5 and 6 carbon sugars from the lignin
• Yeast Fermentation– Converts sugars to alcohol
John Shelly, UC Berkeley Cooperative Extension Presented, Bioenery Conf. 3MAR06 at Denver
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Woody Biomass-to-Ethanol
50%CelluloseG-G-G-G
25%Lignin
25%Hemicellulose
S-S-S-S
WoodyBiomass
G = Glucose (a type of sugar)S = Other sugarsE = Ethanol
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Woody Biomass-to-Ethanol
50%CelluloseG-G-G-G
25%Lignin
25%Hemicellulose
S-S-S-S
WoodyBiomass
Lignin
SGSGSGSG
Hydrolysis
G = Glucose (a type of sugar)S = Other sugarsE = Ethanol
Concentrated acidDilute acid
Enzyme
oror
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Woody Biomass-to-Ethanol
50%CelluloseG-G-G-G
25%Lignin
25%Hemicellulose
S-S-S-S
WoodyBiomass
Lignin
SGSGSGSG
Lignin
EEEEEEEE
Hydrolysis
Yeast/other organisms
G = Glucose (a type of sugar)S = Other sugarsE = Ethanol
FermentationConcentrated acid
Dilute acidEnzyme
oror
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Woody Biomass-to-Ethanol
50%CelluloseG-G-G-G
25%Lignin
25%Hemicellulose
S-S-S-S
Lignin
Distillation
E EE EWoody
Biomass
Lignin
SGSGSGSG
Lignin
EEEEEEEE
Hydrolysis
Yeast/other organisms
G = Glucose (a type of sugar)S = Other sugarsE = Ethanol
Gasoline
Low-gradesteam Power Plant
Electricity
FermentationConcentrated acid
Dilute acidEnzyme
oror
Modified from source slide supplied by USDOE NREL
Heat
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Thermal Reduction/Catalytic Conversion
GasificationBiomass
heat
C, O, Htar
Producer gas(syngas)
CatalyticConversion
Bio-dieselEthanol
Methanol
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Source: NREL
Thermochemical ProcessingCatalytic Conversion OptionsCatalytic Conversion Options
MeOH
BIOMASSBIOMASS
Cofiring/Reburn
CombinedCycle
Ni/Mg
Mixed BasesNa, Ca
CaCN
Cu-ZnO Cat: Zeolite
HYDROGEN
ETHANOL,MIXED ALCOHOLS
METHANOL, DME
OLEFINS
FTL
LPG
NAPHTHA
KEROSENE/DIESEL
LUBES
WAXESGASOLINE
OXOCHEMICALSe.g., KETONES
AMMONIA
SNG
CHP
CHP
SYNGAS
Fuel Prep.
GASIFICATION
CLEANUP
Cat = Catalytic Conversion Process
Ni, Fe, Cu-Zn
Ni
Cu-Zn,Cu-Co
Cu-ZnO
H3PO4, Cr2O3
Fe
Co/K
UPGRADE
FEEDSTOCK
+ Others
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The Ethanol Issue
• ETOH replaced MTBE as an Oxygenate• What is the social value of renewable fuels?• CA demand ~ 600 million gal/year• What is the best feedstock?
– Corn– Switchgrass– Woody Bomass– Others?
• Will ETOH be the transportation of the future?
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Challenges for Manufacturing Biomass-Based Products
• Insure a Long-Term Supply of Biomass Raw Material
• Overcome Material Property Limitations (biomass is a low quality raw material)
• Improve Processing Knowledge • Develop New Markets or Market Share• Encourage Research Funding and
Investment Capital• Make it Economical -- Reduce the High
Handling and Production Costs
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Future Biomass and Small Tree Innovation
1. Reduce handling and processing costs2. Improve conventional technology3. Improve conversion efficiency4. Develop new processes5. Develop new products6. Develop new markets7. Educate public to benefits of
utilizationJohn Shelly, UC Berkeley Cooperative Extension
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Summary• Many woody biomass utilization challenges
– Raw material quality, economics, markets• Slim Profit Margins – little room for mistakes• Small-Scale can’t compete in commodity markets• Biomass Power Plants are important to CA
– Encourage development in greater energy efficiency• Demand for renewable fuels continues to grow• Social value for using biomass can offset high
costs of gathering and transporting biomass• What is the best use?