BIOMARKERS. Roberto Bordonaro Struttura Complessa di Oncologia Medica ARNAS Garibaldi Catania
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Transcript of BIOMARKERS. Roberto Bordonaro Struttura Complessa di Oncologia Medica ARNAS Garibaldi Catania
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BIOMARKERS.Roberto Bordonaro
Struttura Complessa di Oncologia MedicaARNAS Garibaldi
Catania
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- The management of breast cancer, both in early and in advanced stages, had become a “receptor-driven therapy”.
- Main breast cancer determinants have both prognostic and predictive role, such as ER, PgR and Her2.
- They also reflect the moment when the cell develops the tumor phenotype.
BIOMARKERS.
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image by Katie Vicari, from Prat and Perou, Nature Medicine, Aug;15(8):842-4 (2009)
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image by Katie Vicari, from Prat and Perou, Nature Medicine, Aug;15(8):842-4 (2009)
Her2+ve tumours
Her2+ve / ER and/or PgR+ve
ER and/or PgR+ve
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image by Katie Vicari, from Prat and Perou, Nature Medicine, Aug;15(8):842-4 (2009)
Her2+ve tumours
Her2+ve / ER and/or PgR+ve
ER and/or PgR+ve
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BIOMARKERS.
• Triple-negative breast cancer are a heterogenous subgroup of tumours.
• The 75 per cent of them shown a “Basal-like signature” (more than a half express TP53-mutations, some are BRCA1-mut carriers).
• They have high proliferative rate and a poor prognosis (in terms of poor relapse-free and/or overall survival).
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Claudin-low Subtype1. 5-10% of all tumors2. typically TNBC3. low expression of cell-cell junction proteins4. lymphocyte infiltrates5. stem cell + EMT features
Claudin 7
Claudin 3Claudin 4
E-Cadherin
Basal
Luminal
Proliferation
HER2
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Claudin-low Subtype1. 5-10% of all tumors2. typically TNBC3. low expression of cell-cell junction proteins4. lymphocyte infiltrates5. stem cell + EMT features
Claudin 7
Claudin 3Claudin 4
E-Cadherin
Basal
Luminal
Proliferation
HER2
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Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of the Claudin-low Intrinsic Subtype of Breast Cancer, Prat et al., Breast Cancer Res. 2010 Sep 2;12(5):R68. (PMID: 20813035)
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CRYABID4
c-KITKeratin 5
Keratin 17P-Cadherin
EGFR/HER1
HER2
Basal-like phenotype (75% of TNBC cancers; 10-20% of BC);● >50% TP53-mutated;● high proliferative rate (RB loss)
DNA-recombination defects related to BRCA1-mutations.
Luminal
Proliferation
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CRYABID4
c-KITKeratin 5
Keratin 17P-Cadherin
EGFR/HER1
HER2
Basal-like phenotype (75% of TNBC cancers; 10-20% of BC);● >50% TP53-mutated;● high proliferative rate (RB loss)
DNA-recombination defects related to BRCA1-mutations.
Luminal
Proliferation
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Deconstructing the Molecular Portraits of Breast Cancer,Prat and Perou, Molecular Oncology, Nov 24, 2010
(PMID: 21147047)
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BRCA1- Associated Breast Cancer
• “BRCAness”• High grade• ER- and HER2-negative• C-myc amplified• Medullary• Pushing margins• DCIS less common• Lymphocytic infiltrate• TP53 mutations• Basal phenotype• EGFR expression• X-chromosome inactivation
pattern• Sensitivity to DNA damage
• One defective gene copy carried in a germ cell
• 5-10% of breast cancers
• 50-90% lifetime risk of disease
• Shared characteristics with sporadic basal-like breast cancer: “BRCA-ness”
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BRCA1 Is Key to Repairing DNA Damage
Several DNA damage response pathways exist:• Homologous recombination (HR)
– DEPENDS ON BRCA1
• Base excision repair (BER)– DEPENDS ON PARP
• Nucleotide excision repair (NER)• Mismatch repair (MMR)
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Platinum-sensitivity of BRCA1mut – TNBCs
• Neo-adjuvant setting:
– Retrospective trials suggest platinum-based regimens activity;
– Data from prospective trials on TNBCs are controversial;
• Metastatics TNBCs:
– control arm in BALI-1 study with DDP alone – 10% RR
Trial Characteristics Regimen n° pRC
Byrski BRCA1+mut carriers
Not-platinum-based 90 14 (16%)
BRCA1+mut carriers
CDDP 75mg/m2 x4 12 10 (83%)
Silver sporadics TNBCs(not BRCA1+mut
carriers)
CDDP 75mg/m2 x4 26 4 (15%)
BRCA1mut carriers “ “ 2 2 (100%)
Ryan sporadics TNBCs (not BRCA1+mut
carriers)
CDDP 75mg/m2 x4 + bevacizumab 15 mg/kg
q3wk x3
51 8 (16%)
Byrski, JCO 2009; Silver JCO 2009: Baselga ESMO 2010; Isakoff SABCS 2010
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Good platinum response (p =)
Young age .001
low BRCA1 mRNA expression .03
BRCA1 promoter methylation .04
p53 mutation .01
gene expression profile of E2F3 activation .03
Interesting biological analysis; small series (28), only two BRCA1 mutation carriers enrolled.
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Biomarkers.
• Are there any biological characteristic expressed by triple-negative tumours that may influence the therapeutic choice?
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FOS/JUN
Fibroblast
CXCL12
ImmuneCell
13-geneVEGF-signature
A compact VEGF signature associated with distant metastases andpoor outcomes, Hu et al. BMC Medicine 2009, doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-9
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FOS/JUN
Fibroblast
CXCL12
ImmuneCell
13-geneVEGF-signature
A compact VEGF signature associated with distant metastases andpoor outcomes, Hu et al. BMC Medicine 2009, doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-9
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Hypoxia-related Features andBasal-like Tumors
VEGF 13-gene VEGF-signature
Expr
essi
on
Hu, BMC Medicine 2009
• Antiangiogenic approaches work in TNBC at least as well as other subtype, possibly more.
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A compact VEGF signature associated with distant metastases andpoor outcomes, Hu et al. BMC Medicine 2009, doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-9
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Identification of a clinically relevant gene signature in triple negative and basal like breast cancer. Rody et
al. SABCS 2010 Oral Presentation.
slide courtesy of Lajos Pusztai (MDACC)
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679 consecutive Bc patients; among them, 87 (13%) where ER, PgR andHer2-ve.TN patients had significantly higher VEGF activiity: mValue = 8.2 pg/μg (versus 2.7 pg/μg in non-TN ones; p <.001) 62% of TN-patients had a VEGF acitivity above the median value, respect to the 47% of ER and/or PgR and/or Her2+ve ones. (p = 0.036).
TN status seems do not correlate with other clinical prognostic factors such as Tumour size (p = 0.07), nodal status (p =0.1), histological grade (p = 0.17) type of relapse (p = 0.82), age (p = 0.18).
Her2 overexpression was associated with high levels of VEGF (p <.001).
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RFSdDFS
OS BCCS
Linderholm, Ann Oncol 2009
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Outcome parameters
Univariate Multivariate
RFS H.r. significance (p) H.r. significance (p)
TNBC 1.8 0.0023 1.7 0.078
VEGF 1.6 0.0057 1.3 0.1663
dDFSTNBC 1.6 0.087 1.3 0.4099
VEGF 1.7 0.0166 1.4 0.2136
OSTNBC 1.8 0.0048 1.5 0.1672
VEGF 1.6 0.0021 1.3 0.1353
BCSSTNBC 2.2 0.0039 1.6 0.2621
VEGF 2.0 0.0044 1.5 0.0921
Linderholm, Ann Oncol 2009
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Biomarkers.
• But, which chemoterapeutic agents shown activity and/or efficacy when administered to triple-negative breast cancer?
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Pathologic Response to Anthracycline/Taxane by Subtype
369 patients from 3 neoadjuvant datasets
Modified PAM50
Overall pCR rate = 22% (82/369)
Classification Residual dz pCR
Basal-like 47 (58%) 34 (42%)
Claudin-low 29 (67%) 14 (33%)
HER2-enriched 31 (63%) 18 (37%)
LumA 110 (98%) 2 (2%)
LumB 56 (85%) 10 (15%)
Normal-like 13 (76%) 4 (24%)
Courtesy C. Perou
Majority of TNBC
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Chemotherapy Advances BenefitTriple Negative
ER Negative ER Positive
HE
R2
NE
GH
ER
2 P
OS
paclitaxel
No paclitaxel
paclitaxel
No paclitaxel
paclitaxel
No paclitaxel
paclitaxel
No paclitaxel
Hayes, NEJM 2008; Perez, BCRT 2010; Di Leo, SABCS 2008
(CALGB 9344: AC + Paclitaxel)
• Docetaxel – Same findings (ECOG/Geicam)
• Anthracycline added to CMF
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Anthracycline versus Non-AnthracyclineMA.5 Revisited
CEF CMF
Biologic # 5 Year # 5 Year p
Subtype OS OS
Luminal A 62 93% 71 90%
Luminal NOS 36 94% 26 85%
Luminal B 67 71% 65 71%
Luminal B 21 71% 27 44%<0.001
HeR2+/ER- 20 55% 23 30%
Basal by IHC 35 51% 35 71%<0.0001
TNBC Non-Basal 9 65% 20 63%
Cheang M et al, ASCO 2009
Intriguing, although retrospective and small
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Responsiveness to Conventional Chemotherapy
Basal-like / triple negative:
Often responsive
If pCR achieved = good outcome!
Nonresponse = poor outcome
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Predicting Markers of Clinical Benefit
• VEGF genotypes associated with improved OS in E2100.
• Higher levels of circulating endothelial cells at baseline have consistently correlated with prolonged clinical benefit and in one study improved TTP
Dahlberg SE, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:949-954
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Biomarkers.
• AVF2119: 462 patients with MBC randomized to receive Capecitabine alone or capecitabine plus Bevacizumab.
• Among them, for 223 patients tissue samples were collected and tested with:
• a) in situ hybridization (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, Thrombospondin-2, Flt4)
• b) HIC (VEGF-C, PDGF-C, Neuropilin-1, Delta-like-ligand-4/DLL4, BV8, p53 and Timidine Phosphorilase).
Jubb, Clin Cancer Res, 2011
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A = low endothelial Delta-like ligand-4 expression
B = high endothelial Delta-like ligand-4 expression.
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R. Danesi Il ruolo dell'angiogenesi 35
Clinical trials assessing in-situ biomarkers in relation to the efficacy of bevacizumab
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Biomarkers.
Conclusions:
1)The absence of a target seems define a target in itself.
2)For a high percentage of triple-negative tumours we may hypotize an angiogenesis addiction.
3)Anti-VEGf agents seem work well in all the subtypes of triple-negative tumours.
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BIOMARKERS.Roberto Bordonaro
Struttura Complessa di Oncologia MedicaARNAS Garibaldi
Catania
Thanks for your kindly attention…
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