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Chapter 8 Photosynthesis

8.1 energy and Life

Session 1 Diagnostic activity- Answer the questions in plenary.

1- What is photosynthesis?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- Name three examples of organisms that carry out photosynthesis._____________________________________________________________________________________3- What is the importance of photosynthesis to living things?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chemical energy and ATP

ATP as a Charged Battery An analogy takes two things that seem to be different and shows how they can be similar.

1. How is a partially charged battery like ADP?

2. Why do cells contain only a small amount of ATP?

A. ATP cannot store large amounts of energy for a long time.B. ATP releases energy too quickly.C. ATP cannot carry out active transport.D. ATP has only two phosphate groups.

Chemical Energy and ATPChemical Energy Living things use chemical fuels. One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy is ATP.Follow the directions. Then answer the questions.

1. Trace the outlines of the adenosine molecule and the three phosphate groups.2. Cut out each phosphate group.3. Arrange the phosphate groups on the adenosine molecule to form a molecule of ATP.

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UNIT 1 Cell Metabolism: Photosynthesis, cellular respiration and fermentation

4. When ATP is changed to ADP, it releases energy. Change your ATP molecule so that it forms ADP. What change did you make?

5. ADP can be converted into ATP. Change your ADP molecule into ATP. What change did you make?

6. Fill in the blanks with two or three. The primary difference in the structures of ATP and ADP is that ATP has phosphate groups and ADP has phosphate groups.

Write a brief summary that mentions the importance of the ATP molecule regarding how it stores and releases energy._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Session 2Heterotrophs and autotrophsFill in the following table.

Heterotrophs AutotrophsDefine the term

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Example

History of the discovery of photosynthesisWrite the contributions that the following scientist made on photosynthesis.

Jan Baptiste van Helmont ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Joseph Priestley _______________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Jan Ingenhousz _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Melvin Calvin ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.1 Assessment1- a. Review What is ATP and what is its role in the cell?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Explain How does the structure of ATP make it an ideal source of energy for the cell?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. Use Analogies Explain how ADP and ATP are each like a battery. Which one is “partially charges” and which one is “fully charged?” Why?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- a. Review What is the ultimate source of energy for plants?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Explain How do heterotrophs obtain energy? How is this different from how autotrophs obtain energy?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. Infer Why are decomposers, such as mushrooms, considered heterotrophs and nos autotrophs?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Session 3 Chlorophyll and chloroplasts

Write statements that indicate the relationship between light, pigments and chloroplasts.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Make a drawing of the chloroplast and list the names of its components and structures.

Chlorophyll and ChloroplastsIn addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. Inside chloroplasts are thylakoids. The region outside the thylakoid is the stroma.

Answer the questions.1. Where do the light-dependent reactions occur? Circle the correct answer.

thylakoids stroma

2. Where do the light-independent reactions occur? Circle the correct answer.thylakoids stroma

3. Is the following statement true or false? In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.

4. The function of chlorophyll is

A. to protect a plant from losing water.B. to help plants absorb oxygen.C. to protect the plant cell.D. to capture energy from the sun.

Chlorophyll and ChloroplastsPhotosynthesis in plants takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. Within each chloroplast is a fluid-filled area called the stroma. Also inside each chloroplast are many saclike membranes called thylakoids. Thylakoids are connected to each other in stacks. Each stack is a granum.

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Complete the Venn diagram to compare the stroma and a granum in a chloroplast. Use the phrases below. One has been done for you.

Answer the questions. Circle the correct answer(s).

1. Which reactions change the energy of sunlight to energy-rich carriers?

light-dependent reactions light-independent reactions

2. Which two reactants are needed for light-dependent reactions?

carbon dioxide light oxygen water

3. Which two reactants are needed for light-independent reactions?

carbon dioxide energy-rich compounds oxygen stroma

Photosynthesis overviewWrite down the general chemical equation of photosynthesis, as well as the general stages.

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contains pigments light-dependent reactions

fluid portion of chloroplast located within a chloroplast

8.2 Assessment

1- a. Review Why are pigments such as chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Predict How well would a plant grow under pure yellow light? Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- a. Review What is the function of NADPH?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Explain How is light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. Infer How would photosynthesis be affected if there were a shortage of NADP+ in the cells of plants?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- a. Review Describe the overall process of photosynthesis, including the reactants and products.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Interpret Visuals Look at Figure 8-7. Into which set of reactions—light- dependents or light –independent—does each reactant of photosynthesis enter? From which set of reactions is each product of photosynthesis generated?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Session 5 Chart definitions.

The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done for you.

Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember the Meaning

ATP synthase Enzyme that converts ADP and a phosphate group to ATP

Many enzymes end in the suffix –ase, and ATP synthase is an enzyme that produces ATP.

Calvin cycle Another name for the light- independent reactions in which carbohydrates are produced

Electron transport chain

Series of electron-carrier proteins that transport high-energy electrons during the process of making ATP

Photosystem Cluster of chlorophyll and proteins in the thylakoids essential to the light-dependent reactions

Make a Concept Map, include words that describe each of the concepts and show how it is associated to the one before. You may use an extra sheet of paper. Use the following words: photosynthesis, ATP synthase, photosystem II, electron transport chain, photosystems, thylakoids, NADPH, photosystem I, ATP, and oxygen.

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light-dependent reactions

Session 6 Light- dependent reactionsThe process of photosynthesisFlowchart A flowchart is a way to show the steps in a process. As you read, complete the flowchart to show the steps involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Write down the main events of the light- independent reactions and describe them.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Light-Dependent and Light-Independent ReactionsPhotosynthesis involves two sets of reactions. The light-dependent reactions need sunlight. They use energy from this sunlight to produce energy-rich compounds, like ATP. The light-independent reactions use these energy-rich compounds to produce sugars from carbon dioxide.

Complete the T-chart. Write the phrases in the box that belong in each side of the chart.

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Use energy from the sun Take place in the stromaUse carbon dioxide Take place in thylakoidsProduce oxygen Require waterProduce sugars Also called Calvin cycleConvert ADP into ATP

Light-dependent Reactions Light-independent Reactions

Session 7

8.3 Assessment1- a. Review Summarize what happens during the light- dependent reactions of photosynthesis.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Sequence Put the events of the light- dependent reactions in the order in which they occur and describe how each step is dependent on the step that comes before it.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- a. Review What is the Calvin cycle?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Compare and Contrast List at least three differences between the light- dependent and light- independent reactions of phosotynthesis.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- a. Review What are the three primary factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Interpret Graphs Look at the graph on page 240. What are the independent and dependent variables being tested?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Draw a thylakoid, in the box on the next page that shows the following:

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a- The location at which events occur in light- dependent reactions and where oxygen, ATP and NADPH are produced.

b- Where events occur in independent reactions of light and where CO2, ATP NADPH are used and the place where sugar is produced.

Chapter Review

Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in theblanks. You may use a word once or not at all.

1. molecule that carries high-energy electrons

2. light-absorbing molecule

3. enzyme that converts ADP into ATP

Answer the following questions.

4. What is the source of energy for plants?

5. What compound is broken down during photosynthesis to produce oxygen?

A. ATPB. carbon dioxideC. glucoseD. water

6. Which term is used for the series of electron carrier proteins that move high-energyelectrons during ATP-generating reactions? Circle the correct answer.

electron transport chain food chain hydrogen ion movement

7. What causes the gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

A. chargeB. H+ ion concentrationC. charge and H+ ion concentrationD. None of the above.

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ATP synthase NADP+ photosynthesis pigment

Use the diagrams of the ADP and ATP molecules to answer question 8.

8. Circle the compound that shows a cell’s stored energy.

9. The chart below compares ADP and ATP to a battery. Place check marks under thecategory that best describes each molecule.

Partially Charged Battery Fully Charged Battery

ADP

ATP

Chapter 8 Assessment

1- Which of the following are autotrophs?a- deerb- Plantsc- Leopardsd- mushrooms

2- One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy isa- DNAb- ATPc- H2Od- CO2

3- The amount of energy stored in a molecule of ATP compared to the amount stored in a molecule of glucose.

a- greaterb- lessc- the samed- variable, depending on conditions

4- When a candle burns, energy is released in the form ofa- Carbon dioxide and waterb- The chemical substance ATPc- Light and heatd- Electricity and motion

5- How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6- Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7- Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8- Use the analogy Develop an analogy to explain ATP and energy transfer to a classmate who does not understand the concept.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9- Infer Examine the photograph of the Indian pipe plant shown here. What can you conclude about the ability of the Indian pipe plant to make its own food? Explain your answer.10- In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires

a- Water and oxygenb- Water and sugarc- Oxygen and carbon dioxided- Water and carbon dioxide

11- The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophylla- Reflects blue lightb- Absorbs blue lightc- Reflects green lightd- Absorbs green light

12- Write the basic equation for photosynthesis using the name of the starting and final substances of the process. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13- What role do plant pigments play in the process of photosynthesis? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________14- Identify the structure labeled A, B, C, and D. In which structure(s) do the light-dependent reactions

occur? In which structure(s) does the Calvin cycle take place?

15- Form a Hypothesis Although they appear green, some plant leaves contain yellow and red pigments as well as chlorophyll. In the fall, those leaves may become red or yellow. Suggest an explanation for these color changes. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16- Predict Suppose you water a potted plant and place it by a window in a transparent, airtight jar. Predict how the rate of photosynthesis might be affected over the next few days. What might happen if the plant were left there for several weeks? Explain.

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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17- The first process in the light- dependent reactions of photosynthesis isa- Light absorptionb- Electron transportc- Oxygen productiond- ATP formation

18- Which substance from the light- dependent reaction of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?

a- ADPb- NADPHc- H2Od- Pyruvic acid

19- The light- independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as thea- Calvin cycleb- sugar cyclec- carbon cycled- ATP cycle

20- ATP synthase in the chloroplast membrane makes ATP, utilizing the energy of highly concentrated

a- Chlorophyllb- Electronsc- Hydrogen ionsd- NADPH

21- CAM plants are specialized to survive under what conditions that would harm most other kinds of plants?

a- Low temperaturesb- Excess waterc- Hot, dry conditionsd- Long day lengths

22- Explain the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23- Describe the role of ATP synthase and explain how it works. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24- Summarize what happens during the Calvin Cycle. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________25- Discuss three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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26- Study Figure 8-11 on page 238 and give evidence to support the idea that the Calvin cycle does not depend on light.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________27- Apply Concepts How do the events in the Calvin cycle depend on the light- dependent reactions of

photosynthesis?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Session 8Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation9.1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Diagnostic activity. Answer the following questions.

1- How is the energy contained in food extracted?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- Are you breathing through your nose or through your cells?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- What is the difference between cellular respiration and pulmonary respiration?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Take notes on the section named Chemical Energy and Food. Pg. 250 of your text book.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Energy

Energy

Energy

Glucose

CO2

O2 H2O

Session 9 Overview of Cellular respirationTake notes on the following concepts of cellular respiration:a- The concept of cellular respiration_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b- Reagents and products involved in the reaction._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c- The stages of cellular respiration_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d- The two types of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Overview of Cellular RespirationCellular respiration is the process that uses oxygen to release energy from food.Use the terms in the box below to label the diagram of cellular respiration.

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electron transport Krebs cycle glycolysis mitochondrion

Answer the questions.1. Where does glycolysis take place?

A. mitochondrion C. cell membraneB. cytoplasm D. nucleus

2. Where do the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain take place?A. ribosome C. mitochondrionB. nucleus D. cytoplasm

3. Which reactant is used in the electron transport chain?A. water C. oxygenB. carbon dioxide D. sugar

4. Which stage(s) of cellular respiration are aerobic?A. glycolysis C. electron transportB. Krebs cycle D. both B and C

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationCellular respiration and photosynthesis can be thought of as opposite processes. Energy flows in opposite directions in the two processes.Complete the table using the words below. Some words may be used more than once. You will use more than one term in some of the spaces.

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Function energy capture

Location chloroplasts

Reactants glucose and oxygen

Products oxygen and glucose

Cellular organelle where it occurs

Stages 1)

2)

1)

2)

3)

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carbon dioxide energy release mitochondria

Place in which each stage performs

1)

2)

1)

2)

3)

Living things that make the process

Answer the questions1. Circle the correct answer. Which process releases energy for the cell?

cellular respiration photosynthesis2. Circle the correct answer. For which reaction is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 the correct equation?

cellular respiration photosynthesis3. Which statement about cellular respiration is true?

A. Cellular respiration does not use energy.B. The total amount of energy is constant.C. Energy is destroyed during the reaction.D. Energy is created during the reaction.

4. How are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?A. The products of both processes are the same.B. The reactants for one process are the same as the reactants for the other process.C. Each process provides the materials needed in the other process.

D. There is no direct relationship.9.1 Assessment1- a. Review Why do all organisms need food?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Relate Cause and Effect Why do macromolecules differ in the amount of energy they contain?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- a. Review Write the overall reaction for cellular respiration.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Apply Concepts How does the process of cellular respiration maintain homeostasis at the cellular level?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- a. Review In what ways are cellular respiration and photosynthesis considered opposite processes?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Use Analogies How is the chemical energy in glucose similar to money in a savings account?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Session 10. 9.2 The Process of Cellular Respiration

Chemical energy and food

1- Find out what glycolysis is and explain why this process is important in cell metabolism for energy production.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- Using toothpicks and gum balls make a model of a glucose molecule. Each gum will represent a carbon and every toothpick a bond. Using this model, represent what happens to the glucose molecule to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid.3- Make a flow chart to describe the phases of glycolysis, indicating where ATP and NADPH are produced.

Kreb cycle

1- What happens to pyruvic acid product of glycolysis?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- How is citric acid and carbon dioxide formed?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- What happens to high- energy molecules produced in Krebs cycle?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Krebs Cycle Concept MapPyruvic acid is formed during glycolysis. If oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid moves into the Krebs cycle. In the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is changed into carbon dioxide. High-energy electrons are accepted by NAD+ and FAD. This results in the formation of NADH and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are used in another process to make ATP. A model of the Krebs cycle is shown below.

1. Fill in the details missing from the concept map below.

2. Why is it incorrect to say that a 4-carbon molecule is produced at the end of the Krebs cycle? ___ ___ ___ ___

3. What happens to the carbon dioxide that results from the Krebs cycle? ___

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Citric acid broken down into

molecules and 2CO2 molecules

4-Carbon molecule accepts acetyl-CoA

is exhaled

electrons transferred to _______ _______

production

molecule of ADP converted to

Energy extraction

Krebs Cycle

involvesinvolves

includin

includin

includin

and then

plus

and then

High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed into and along the .

The energy from the electrons moving down the chain is used to move H+ ions across the .

H+ ions build up in the space, making it charged and making the matrix negatively charged.

H+ ions move through channels of in the inner membrane.

The ATP synthase uses the energy from the moving ions to combine ADP and a phosphate,forming high-energy .

Session 11 Electron transport and ATP synthesisElectron Transport and ATP Synthesis

The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons produced by the Krebs cycle to move hydrogen ions from one side of the inner membrane to the other.

Complete the flowchart about electron transport. Use the terms in the box.

Answer the following questions:1- Where does the energy used in transporting electrons to convert ADP and ATP come from?_____________________________________________________________________________________2- What happens when oxygen accepts hydrogen ions from high- energy molecules?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- What stage of cellular respiration produces a higher number of ATP? How efficient is cellular respiration per molecule of glucose being metabolized?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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intermembrane electron transport chain ATP synthase

positively inner membrane ATP

9.2 Assessment1- a. review What are the products of glycolisis? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Compare and contrast How is the function of NAD+ similar to that to NADP+?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- a. Review What happens to pyruvic acid in the Krebs cycle?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Interpret Visuals Look at Figure 9-5 and list the products of the Krebs cycle. What happens to each of these products?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3- a. Review How does the electron transport chain use the hish- energy electrons from glycolisis and the Krebs cycle?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Relate Cause and Effect How does the cell use the charge differences that build up across the inner mitochondrial membrane during cellular respiration?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4- a. Review How many molecules of ATP are produced in the entire breakdown of glucose?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Use Analogies How is the cell like a furnace?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Session 12 Fermentation

1- What is fermentation? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- Establish what is the net gain of ATP per metabolized glucose molecule in the process of alcoholic and lactic fermentation?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Glycolysis

CYTOPLASM

Glucose

NAD+ cycles backNAD+ cycles back

2 Pyruvic Acid

2 CO2

2 Ethyl Alcohol 2 Lactic Acid

3- How is alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation important in some industries? Give examples of organisms that make it possible.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Venn Diagram A Venn diagram is made up of overlapping circles. It is a useful tool for comparing two or even three topics. As you read about the two forms of fermentation in Lesson 3, complete the Venn diagram below.

Fermentation is respiration without oxygen. In fermentation, energy is released from food molecules by producing ATP. There are two forms of fermentation: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation is what makes bread rise. It is also used in alcoholic beverages. Lactic acid fermentation is used to produce foods such as cheese, yogurt, pickles, and kimchi. The diagram below shows the two types of fermentation.

Follow the directions.

1. Label the process that shows alcoholic fermentation.

2. Label the process that shows lactic acid fermentation.

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Circle the correct answer. Questions may have more than one correct answer.

3. Alcoholic fermentation is used to make which product?

bread cheese yogurt pickles

4. What kind of taste do lactic acid bacteria give foods?

sweet salty sour spicy

5. What are some milk products made from lactic acid fermentation?

milk sour cream yogurt cheese

6. What is one main difference between fermentation and aerobic respiration? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

FermentationThe two main types of fermentation are named for the products they form.Complete the chart.

Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic FermentationReactants

End products

Uses by humans

Session 13 Energy and FitnessExplain why human muscle cells produce lactic acid in anaerobic process when they have the capacity to carry out the process of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen._____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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Minutes

0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.51 2 3 4 5 6

Energy and Exercise

Humans have three sources of ATP. There is ATP stored in muscles, ATP made by lactic acid fermentation, and ATP made during cellular respiration. When short bursts of energy are needed, the body uses the ATP stored in muscles and ATP made by lactic acid fermentation.

Cellular respiration is the only way to produce enough ATP for exercise longer than about 90 seconds. The timeline below represents the amount of time a person has been running. The time increments are in 30-second intervals for a total of 6 minutes.Color the part of the run when energy is most likely supplied by lactic acid fermentation.

Answer the questions.1. At what time does the runner’s body switch from energy supplied by lactic acid to energy supplied

by cellular respiration? 2. Circle the correct answer. Which process gives a runner more energy?

cellular respiration lactic acid fermentation3. Circle the correct answer. You are in a race that lasts 25 minutes. Where will your body get the

energy it needs?breakdown of glucose breakdown of fats

4. Compare the ATP production of a sprinter and that of a long-distance runner.

9.3 Assessment1- a. Review Name the two main types of fermentation.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Compare and contrast How are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation similar? How are they different?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2- a. Review Why do runners breathe heavily after a sprint race?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Sequence List the body’s sources of energy in the order in which they are used during a long- distance race. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter Assessment 9

1- Cells use the energy available is food is used to make an energy-rich compound calleda- Waterb- Glucosec- ATPd- ADP

2- Each gram of glucose contains approximately how much energy?a- 1 calorieb- 1 Caloriec- 4 caloriesd- 4 Calories

3- The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen isa- Synthesisb- Cellular respirationc- ATP synthased- photosynthesis

4- The first step in releasing the energy in the cell is known asa- Alcoholic fermentationb- Glycolysisc- The Kreb cycled- Electron transport

5- Which organisms perform cellular respiration?

6- What is a calorie? Briefly explain how do cells use a high- calorie molecule such as glucose?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7- Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Label the molecules involved.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8- What percentage of the energy contained in a molecule of glucose is captured in the bonds of ATP at the end of glycolisis?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9- What does it mean if a process is “anaerobic”? Which part of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10- Compare and Contrast. Why are cellular respiration and photosynthesis considered opposite reactions?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11- The net gain of energy from glycolysis is

a- 4 ATP moleculesb- 2 ATP moleculesc- 8 ADP moleculesd- 3pyruvic acid molecules

12- The Krebs cycle takes place within thea- Chloroplastb- Nucleusc- Mitochondriond- cytoplasm

13- The electron transport chain uses the high- energy electrons from the Krebs cycle toa- Produce glucoseb- Move H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.c- Convert acetyl- CoA to citric acidd- Convert glucose to pyruvic acid

14- How is glucose changed during glycolisis? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15- What is NAD+? Why is it important? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16- Summarize what happens during the Kreb cycle. What happens to high- energy electrons generated during the Kreb cycle?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17- How is ATP synthase involved in making energy available to the cell?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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18- Compare and Contrast How is the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration similar to that of NADP+ in photosynthesis?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19- Compare and Contrast Where is the electron transport chain found in a eukaryotic cell? Where is it found in a prokaryotic cell?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20- Sequence Explain how the products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are related to the electron transport chain. Draw a flowchart that shows the relationships between these products and the electron transport chain.

21- Because fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is said to bea- Aerobicb- Anaerobicc- Cyclicd- Essential to oxygen production

22- The process carried out by yeast that causes bread dough to rise isa- Alcoholic fermentationb- Lactic acid fermentationc- Cellular respirationd- Yeast mitosis

23- During heavy exercise, the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells results ina- Alcoholic fermentationb- Oxygen deptc- The Calvin cycled- The Kreb cycle

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24- How are fermentation and cellular respiration similar?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________25- Write equations to show how lactic acid fermentation compares with alcoholic fermentation. Which reactant(s) do they have in common?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________26- Infer Certain types of bacteria thrive in conditions that lack oxygen. What does that fact indicate about the way they obtain energy? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________27- Infer To function properly, heart muscle cells require a steady supply of oxygen. After a heart attack, small amounts of lactic acid are present. What does this evidence sugest about the nature of a heart attack? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Predict In certain cases, regular exercise causes an increase in the number of mitochondria in muscle cells. How might that situation improve an individual’s ability to perform energy- requiring activities? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Lab Report on Pigments or Alcoholic Fermentation

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