Biology Tuition (Circulatory System)

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BIOLOGY BIOLOGY Chapter 1 Transport Chapter 1 Transport Chapter 1 Transport Chapter 1 Transport

Transcript of Biology Tuition (Circulatory System)

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BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

Chapter 1 TransportChapter 1 TransportChapter 1 TransportChapter 1 Transport

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemTypes of circulatory system

� Living things must be capable of 

transporting nutrients, wastes and gases to

and from cells.� Unicellular organisms use their cell surface

as a point of exchange with the outside

environment. (Diffusion)

Types of circulatory system

� Living things must be capable of 

transporting nutrients, wastes and gases to

and from cells.� Unicellular organisms use their cell surface

as a point of exchange with the outside

environment. (Diffusion)

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Types of circulatory system� M ulticellular organisms have developed 

transport and circulatory systems to deliver 

oxygen and food to cells and removecarbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

Types of circulatory system� M ulticellular organisms have developed 

transport and circulatory systems to deliver 

oxygen and food to cells and removecarbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Types of circulatory system� S imple animals, such as the hydra and 

planaria, lack specialized organs such as

hearts and blood vessels, instead using their skin as an exchange point for 

materials.

� This, however, limits the size an animal can

attain. To become larger, they need

specialized organs and organ systems.

Types of circulatory system� S imple animals, such as the hydra and 

planaria, lack specialized organs such as

hearts and blood vessels, instead using their skin as an exchange point for 

materials.

� This, however, limits the size an animal can

attain. To become larger, they need

specialized organs and organ systems.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemTypes of circulatory system

� Components of the circulatory system

include:

blood : medium of transport in vertebrate /connective tissue of liquid plasma and cells

heart : a muscular pump to move the blood

blood vessels: arteries, capillaries andveins that deliver blood to all tissues

Types of circulatory system

� Components of the circulatory system

include:

blood : medium of transport in vertebrate /connective tissue of liquid plasma and cells

heart : a muscular pump to move the blood

blood vessels: arteries, capillaries andveins that deliver blood to all tissues

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± PLASMA

� P lasma is the liquid component of the

blood. Mammalian blood consists of a

liquid (plasma) and a number of cellular 

and cell fragment components.

� Plasma is about 55 % of a volume of 

blood; cells and fragments are 45%.

Plasma has 90% water and 10% dissolved

materials including proteins, glucose,

ions, hormones, and gases.

Blood ± PLASMA

� P lasma is the liquid component of the

blood. Mammalian blood consists of a

liquid (plasma) and a number of cellular 

and cell fragment components.

� Plasma is about 55 % of a volume of 

blood; cells and fragments are 45%.

Plasma has 90% water and 10% dissolved

materials including proteins, glucose,

ions, hormones, and gases.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBC

� R ed blood cells, also known as

erythrocytes, are produced in the bone

marrow. Life-span of an erythrocyte isonly 120 days, after which they are

destroyed in liver and spleen. Iron from

hemoglobin is recovered and reused byred marrow.

Blood ± RBC

� R ed blood cells, also known as

erythrocytes, are produced in the bone

marrow. Life-span of an erythrocyte isonly 120 days, after which they are

destroyed in liver and spleen. Iron from

hemoglobin is recovered and reused byred marrow.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBC

� RBCs are small, biconcave cells about 7.5

µm in diameter and do not have any nuclei

that carry oxygen associated in the cell'shemoglobin.

� Haemoglobins + O2 oxyhaemoglobin

� Haemoglobin released combines with CO2

to form carbaminohaemoglobin before they are

carried to the lungs.

Blood ± RBC

� RBCs are small, biconcave cells about 7.5

µm in diameter and do not have any nuclei

that carry oxygen associated in the cell'shemoglobin.

� Haemoglobins + O2 oxyhaemoglobin

� Haemoglobin released combines with CO2

to form carbaminohaemoglobin before they are

carried to the lungs.

Lungs

Tissues

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBC

� CO2 + Haemoglobin Carbaminohaemoglobin

Blood ± WBC� W hite blood cells, also known as

leukocytes, are larger than erythrocytes,

have a nucleus, and lack hemoglobin. Theyare made from stem cells in bone marrow.

Blood ± RBC

� CO2 + Haemoglobin Carbaminohaemoglobin

Blood ± WBC� W hite blood cells, also known as

leukocytes, are larger than erythrocytes,

have a nucleus, and lack hemoglobin. Theyare made from stem cells in bone marrow.

Lungs

Tissues

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBCBlood ± RBC

Red colour -- RBCRed colour -- RBC

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± WBC

� They function in the cellular immune

response. White blood cells (leukocytes)

are less than 1% of the blood's volume.� There are two types of WBC. Those with

granules in their cytoplasm ±

granulocytes and those without granuleare agranulocytes.

Blood ± WBC

� They function in the cellular immune

response. White blood cells (leukocytes)

are less than 1% of the blood's volume.� There are two types of WBC. Those with

granules in their cytoplasm ±

granulocytes and those without granuleare agranulocytes.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± WBC

� There are five types of leukocytes,

important components of the immune

system.A) Neutrophils

Blood ± WBC

� There are five types of leukocytes,

important components of the immune

system.A) Neutrophils

i) Irregularly lobed nucleus

ii) To engulf and digest bacteria

i) Irregularly lobed nucleus

ii) To engulf and digest bacteria

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Blood ± WBC

B) Eosinophils

Blood ± WBC

B) Eosinophils

Circulatory systemCirculatory system

i) Nucleus with two lobes

ii) To fight allergies

i) Nucleus with two lobes

ii) To fight allergies

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Blood ± WBC

C) Basophils

Blood ± WBC

C) Basophils

Circulatory systemCirculatory system

i) Nucleus with two lobes

ii) To produce heparin and

to prevent blood

clotting.

i) Nucleus with two lobes

ii) To produce heparin and

to prevent blood

clotting.

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Blood ± WBC

D) Lymphocytes

Blood ± WBC

D) Lymphocytes

Circulatory systemCirculatory system

i) Large nucleus with little

cytoplasm

ii) To produce antibodies

i) Large nucleus with little

cytoplasm

ii) To produce antibodies

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Blood ± WBC

E) Monocytes

Blood ± WBC

E) Monocytes

Circulatory systemCirculatory system

i) Bean-shaped nucleus

ii) To engulf and digest

bacteria

i) Bean-shaped nucleus

ii) To engulf and digest

bacteria

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± Platelets(Thrombocytes)

� Blood platelets are small cell fragments (2-

3 µm) that bud off megakaryocytes in bone

marrow.� They carry chemicals essential to blood

clotting. Platelets survive for 5 to 9 days

before being removed by the liver andspleen.

Blood ± Platelets(Thrombocytes)

� Blood platelets are small cell fragments (2-

3 µm) that bud off megakaryocytes in bone

marrow.� They carry chemicals essential to blood

clotting. Platelets survive for 5 to 9 days

before being removed by the liver andspleen.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± PlatletsBlood ± Platlets

Platelets = yellowPlatelets = yellow

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Blood vessels

� Three types: artery, vein and capillary

� An artery divides into smaller branches

called arterioles when it enters an organ.

� The vein receives blood from smaller 

branches called venules before leaving the

organ.

Blood vessels

� Three types: artery, vein and capillary

� An artery divides into smaller branches

called arterioles when it enters an organ.

� The vein receives blood from smaller 

branches called venules before leaving the

organ.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Blood vessels

Artery

Carries blood from the heart to the cells.

Carries oxygenated blood except

pulmonary artery

Has thick, muscular and elastic walls.

Small lumen

No valve.

Blood vessels

Artery

Carries blood from the heart to the cells.

Carries oxygenated blood except

pulmonary artery

Has thick, muscular and elastic walls.

Small lumen

No valve.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Blood vessels

Vein

Carries blood from the cells back to the heart

Carries deoxygenated blood except thepulmonary vein

Has thin, less mucular and less elastics wall.

Large lumen

Semilunar valves present

Blood vessels

Vein

Carries blood from the cells back to the heart

Carries deoxygenated blood except thepulmonary vein

Has thin, less mucular and less elastics wall.

Large lumen

Semilunar valves present

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Blood vessels

Capillary

Carries blood from the arteries to the cell

and from the cells to the veins

Carries oxygenated and deoxygenated

blood.

Walls are only one-celled thick

Very small lumen

No valve

Blood vessels

Capillary

Carries blood from the arteries to the cell

and from the cells to the veins

Carries oxygenated and deoxygenated

blood.

Walls are only one-celled thick

Very small lumen

No valve

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Blood vesselsBlood vessels

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood vesselsBlood vessels

Structure of an arteryStructure of an artery

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood vesselsBlood vessels

Capillary with Red Blood Cell (TEM x32,830).Capillary with Red Blood Cell (TEM x32,830).

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Heart

� Heart is a muscular pump that contracts

and relaxes to propel blood out to the body

through arteries, and a series of bloodvessels.

� The upper chamber of the heart, the atrium

(pl. atria), is where the blood enters the

heart.

Heart

� Heart is a muscular pump that contracts

and relaxes to propel blood out to the body

through arteries, and a series of bloodvessels.

� The upper chamber of the heart, the atrium

(pl. atria), is where the blood enters the

heart.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Heart� Passing through a valve, blood enters the

lower chamber, the ventricle.

� Contraction of the ventricle forces blood

from the heart through an artery .

Heart� Passing through a valve, blood enters the

lower chamber, the ventricle.

� Contraction of the ventricle forces blood

from the heart through an artery .

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Heart� Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from

vena cava returning from the rest of the body.

Left atrium receives oxygenated blood frompulmonary vein returning from the lungs.

� Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the

lung via the pulmonary artery� Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest

of the body via the aorta

Heart� Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from

vena cava returning from the rest of the body.

Left atrium receives oxygenated blood frompulmonary vein returning from the lungs.

� Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the

lung via the pulmonary artery� Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest

of the body via the aorta

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemHeart

� Valves ± prevent the backflow of blood and allow blood

to flow in one direction only.

� Tricupsid valve - blood to flow from the right atrium to

the right ventricle.� Bicupsid valve ± blood to flow from left atrium to the left

ventricle.

� Chordae tendinae ± keeps the bicupsid and tricupsid

valve closed when the ventricles contract.

� Semilunar valves ± located at the exitx, between the right

ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left

ventricle and the aorta.

Heart

� Valves ± prevent the backflow of blood and allow blood

to flow in one direction only.

� Tricupsid valve - blood to flow from the right atrium to

the right ventricle.� Bicupsid valve ± blood to flow from left atrium to the left

ventricle.

� Chordae tendinae ± keeps the bicupsid and tricupsid

valve closed when the ventricles contract.

� Semilunar valves ± located at the exitx, between the right

ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left

ventricle and the aorta.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart (example: human heart)The heart (example: human heart)

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Pumping of the heart

� Heart pumps ± propelled - human

circulatory system.

The heart muscle is composed of cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart. Heart 

are myogenic in nature .

Contraction is coordinated by thepacemaker located in the wall of the right

atrium, also known as sinoatrial node

(SAN).

Pumping of the heart

� Heart pumps ± propelled - human

circulatory system.

The heart muscle is composed of cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart. Heart 

are myogenic in nature .

Contraction is coordinated by thepacemaker located in the wall of the right

atrium, also known as sinoatrial node

(SAN).

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Pumping of the heart

� From SAN ± electrical impulses - to the

atrioventricular node located at the base

of the right atrium.

� Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres are

special muscle fibres ± sends the

impulses to the ventricles, which then

contract and pumps the blood out of the

heart.

� Pacemaker-nervous system

Pumping of the heart

� From SAN ± electrical impulses - to the

atrioventricular node located at the base

of the right atrium.

� Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres are

special muscle fibres ± sends the

impulses to the ventricles, which then

contract and pumps the blood out of the

heart.

� Pacemaker-nervous system

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Pumping of the heart

Maintaining the Heart¶s rhythmic beat

Pumping of the heart

Maintaining the Heart¶s rhythmic beat

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Pumping of the heart

� Stimulation from the sympathetic system

speeds up the pacemaker and stimulation

from the parasympathetic systems slow it

down.

� Adrenaline ± increases the hearbeat.

Pumping of the heart

� Stimulation from the sympathetic system

speeds up the pacemaker and stimulation

from the parasympathetic systems slow it

down.

� Adrenaline ± increases the hearbeat.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Contraction of the skeletal muscles around

Veins

� Contraction of skeletal muscles ± helps in

blood circulation.

� Contraction of muscle ± blood is

squeezed and pushed along the veins.

Valves in the veins direct the blood backto the heart.

Contraction of the skeletal muscles around

Veins

� Contraction of skeletal muscles ± helps in

blood circulation.

� Contraction of muscle ± blood is

squeezed and pushed along the veins.

Valves in the veins direct the blood backto the heart.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure

� Blood pressure ± pressure exerted by the blood

against the wall of the blood vessels.

� The contraction of ventricles± systole, and the

relaxation of ventricles ± diastole.

� BP ± ratio of the systolic pressure over diastolic

pressure. Healthy young adults should have

pressure of ventricular systole of 120mm, and80 mm at ventricular diastole.

� BP in artery > BP in vein. BP in aorta is the

highest.

Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure

� Blood pressure ± pressure exerted by the blood

against the wall of the blood vessels.

� The contraction of ventricles± systole, and the

relaxation of ventricles ± diastole.

� BP ± ratio of the systolic pressure over diastolic

pressure. Healthy young adults should have

pressure of ventricular systole of 120mm, and80 mm at ventricular diastole.

� BP in artery > BP in vein. BP in aorta is the

highest.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure

� BP ± regulated by negative feedback

mechanism.

� Pressure receptor also know as baroreceptors

located at the arch of the aorta and the carotidarteries detect the BP flowing through them.

� Baroreceptors ± impulses to the cardiovascular 

centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain,which regulates blood pressure.

Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure

� BP ± regulated by negative feedback

mechanism.

� Pressure receptor also know as baroreceptors

located at the arch of the aorta and the carotidarteries detect the BP flowing through them.

� Baroreceptors ± impulses to the cardiovascular 

centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain,which regulates blood pressure.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemHuman circulatory system

1. The right ventricle pumps blood to thelungs via

2. The pulmonary arteries. As the blood flowthrough

3. Capillary beds in the left an right lungs, itloads O2 and unload CO2. O2-rich bloodreturns from the lungs via the pulmonary

veins to4. The left atrium of the heart. Next, the

O2-rich blood flows into

Human circulatory system

1. The right ventricle pumps blood to thelungs via

2. The pulmonary arteries. As the blood flowthrough

3. Capillary beds in the left an right lungs, itloads O2 and unload CO2. O2-rich bloodreturns from the lungs via the pulmonary

veins to4. The left atrium of the heart. Next, the

O2-rich blood flows into

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart

5. The left ventricle as the ventricle opensand the atrium contracts. The leftventricle pumps the O2-rich blood out tobody tissues through the systemic circuit.

Blood leaves the left ventricle via

6. The aorta, which conveys blood toarteries leading throughout the body. The

first branches from the aorta are thecoronary arteries, which supply blood tothe heart muscle itself. Then comebranches leading to capillary beds

The heart

5. The left ventricle as the ventricle opensand the atrium contracts. The leftventricle pumps the O2-rich blood out tobody tissues through the systemic circuit.

Blood leaves the left ventricle via

6. The aorta, which conveys blood toarteries leading throughout the body. The

first branches from the aorta are thecoronary arteries, which supply blood tothe heart muscle itself. Then comebranches leading to capillary beds

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart

7. In the head and arms (forelimbs). Theaorta continues in a posterior direction,supplying O2-rich blood to arteriesleading to

8. Arterioles and capillary beds in theabdominal organs and legs. Within thecapillaries, O2 and CO2 diffuse along their 

concentration gradients, with O2 movingfrom the blood to the tissues and CO2

produced by cellular respiration diffusinginto the bloodstream. Capillaries rejoin,

The heart

7. In the head and arms (forelimbs). Theaorta continues in a posterior direction,supplying O2-rich blood to arteriesleading to

8. Arterioles and capillary beds in theabdominal organs and legs. Within thecapillaries, O2 and CO2 diffuse along their 

concentration gradients, with O2 movingfrom the blood to the tissues and CO2

produced by cellular respiration diffusinginto the bloodstream. Capillaries rejoin,

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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart

forming venules, which convey blood toveins. O2-poor blood from the head, neck,and forelimbs is channeled into a largevein called

9. The anterior (or superior) vena cava.Another large vein called

10.The posterior (inferior) vena cava drains

blood from the trunk and hind limbs. Thetwo venae cavae empty their blood into

11.The right atrium, from which the O2-poor blood flows into the right ventricle.

The heart

forming venules, which convey blood toveins. O2-poor blood from the head, neck,and forelimbs is channeled into a largevein called

9. The anterior (or superior) vena cava.Another large vein called

10.The posterior (inferior) vena cava drains

blood from the trunk and hind limbs. Thetwo venae cavae empty their blood into

11.The right atrium, from which the O2-poor blood flows into the right ventricle.

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Circulatory systemCirculatory system

Human circulatory systemHuman circulatory system