Biology Tuition (Circulatory System)
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Transcript of Biology Tuition (Circulatory System)
8/7/2019 Biology Tuition (Circulatory System)
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BIOLOGYBIOLOGY
Chapter 1 TransportChapter 1 TransportChapter 1 TransportChapter 1 Transport
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemTypes of circulatory system
� Living things must be capable of
transporting nutrients, wastes and gases to
and from cells.� Unicellular organisms use their cell surface
as a point of exchange with the outside
environment. (Diffusion)
Types of circulatory system
� Living things must be capable of
transporting nutrients, wastes and gases to
and from cells.� Unicellular organisms use their cell surface
as a point of exchange with the outside
environment. (Diffusion)
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Types of circulatory system� M ulticellular organisms have developed
transport and circulatory systems to deliver
oxygen and food to cells and removecarbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
Types of circulatory system� M ulticellular organisms have developed
transport and circulatory systems to deliver
oxygen and food to cells and removecarbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Types of circulatory system� S imple animals, such as the hydra and
planaria, lack specialized organs such as
hearts and blood vessels, instead using their skin as an exchange point for
materials.
� This, however, limits the size an animal can
attain. To become larger, they need
specialized organs and organ systems.
Types of circulatory system� S imple animals, such as the hydra and
planaria, lack specialized organs such as
hearts and blood vessels, instead using their skin as an exchange point for
materials.
� This, however, limits the size an animal can
attain. To become larger, they need
specialized organs and organ systems.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemTypes of circulatory system
� Components of the circulatory system
include:
blood : medium of transport in vertebrate /connective tissue of liquid plasma and cells
heart : a muscular pump to move the blood
blood vessels: arteries, capillaries andveins that deliver blood to all tissues
Types of circulatory system
� Components of the circulatory system
include:
blood : medium of transport in vertebrate /connective tissue of liquid plasma and cells
heart : a muscular pump to move the blood
blood vessels: arteries, capillaries andveins that deliver blood to all tissues
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± PLASMA
� P lasma is the liquid component of the
blood. Mammalian blood consists of a
liquid (plasma) and a number of cellular
and cell fragment components.
� Plasma is about 55 % of a volume of
blood; cells and fragments are 45%.
Plasma has 90% water and 10% dissolved
materials including proteins, glucose,
ions, hormones, and gases.
Blood ± PLASMA
� P lasma is the liquid component of the
blood. Mammalian blood consists of a
liquid (plasma) and a number of cellular
and cell fragment components.
� Plasma is about 55 % of a volume of
blood; cells and fragments are 45%.
Plasma has 90% water and 10% dissolved
materials including proteins, glucose,
ions, hormones, and gases.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBC
� R ed blood cells, also known as
erythrocytes, are produced in the bone
marrow. Life-span of an erythrocyte isonly 120 days, after which they are
destroyed in liver and spleen. Iron from
hemoglobin is recovered and reused byred marrow.
Blood ± RBC
� R ed blood cells, also known as
erythrocytes, are produced in the bone
marrow. Life-span of an erythrocyte isonly 120 days, after which they are
destroyed in liver and spleen. Iron from
hemoglobin is recovered and reused byred marrow.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBC
� RBCs are small, biconcave cells about 7.5
µm in diameter and do not have any nuclei
that carry oxygen associated in the cell'shemoglobin.
� Haemoglobins + O2 oxyhaemoglobin
� Haemoglobin released combines with CO2
to form carbaminohaemoglobin before they are
carried to the lungs.
Blood ± RBC
� RBCs are small, biconcave cells about 7.5
µm in diameter and do not have any nuclei
that carry oxygen associated in the cell'shemoglobin.
� Haemoglobins + O2 oxyhaemoglobin
� Haemoglobin released combines with CO2
to form carbaminohaemoglobin before they are
carried to the lungs.
Lungs
Tissues
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBC
� CO2 + Haemoglobin Carbaminohaemoglobin
Blood ± WBC� W hite blood cells, also known as
leukocytes, are larger than erythrocytes,
have a nucleus, and lack hemoglobin. Theyare made from stem cells in bone marrow.
Blood ± RBC
� CO2 + Haemoglobin Carbaminohaemoglobin
Blood ± WBC� W hite blood cells, also known as
leukocytes, are larger than erythrocytes,
have a nucleus, and lack hemoglobin. Theyare made from stem cells in bone marrow.
Lungs
Tissues
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± RBCBlood ± RBC
Red colour -- RBCRed colour -- RBC
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± WBC
� They function in the cellular immune
response. White blood cells (leukocytes)
are less than 1% of the blood's volume.� There are two types of WBC. Those with
granules in their cytoplasm ±
granulocytes and those without granuleare agranulocytes.
Blood ± WBC
� They function in the cellular immune
response. White blood cells (leukocytes)
are less than 1% of the blood's volume.� There are two types of WBC. Those with
granules in their cytoplasm ±
granulocytes and those without granuleare agranulocytes.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± WBC
� There are five types of leukocytes,
important components of the immune
system.A) Neutrophils
Blood ± WBC
� There are five types of leukocytes,
important components of the immune
system.A) Neutrophils
i) Irregularly lobed nucleus
ii) To engulf and digest bacteria
i) Irregularly lobed nucleus
ii) To engulf and digest bacteria
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Blood ± WBC
B) Eosinophils
Blood ± WBC
B) Eosinophils
Circulatory systemCirculatory system
i) Nucleus with two lobes
ii) To fight allergies
i) Nucleus with two lobes
ii) To fight allergies
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Blood ± WBC
C) Basophils
Blood ± WBC
C) Basophils
Circulatory systemCirculatory system
i) Nucleus with two lobes
ii) To produce heparin and
to prevent blood
clotting.
i) Nucleus with two lobes
ii) To produce heparin and
to prevent blood
clotting.
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Blood ± WBC
D) Lymphocytes
Blood ± WBC
D) Lymphocytes
Circulatory systemCirculatory system
i) Large nucleus with little
cytoplasm
ii) To produce antibodies
i) Large nucleus with little
cytoplasm
ii) To produce antibodies
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Blood ± WBC
E) Monocytes
Blood ± WBC
E) Monocytes
Circulatory systemCirculatory system
i) Bean-shaped nucleus
ii) To engulf and digest
bacteria
i) Bean-shaped nucleus
ii) To engulf and digest
bacteria
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± Platelets(Thrombocytes)
� Blood platelets are small cell fragments (2-
3 µm) that bud off megakaryocytes in bone
marrow.� They carry chemicals essential to blood
clotting. Platelets survive for 5 to 9 days
before being removed by the liver andspleen.
Blood ± Platelets(Thrombocytes)
� Blood platelets are small cell fragments (2-
3 µm) that bud off megakaryocytes in bone
marrow.� They carry chemicals essential to blood
clotting. Platelets survive for 5 to 9 days
before being removed by the liver andspleen.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood ± PlatletsBlood ± Platlets
Platelets = yellowPlatelets = yellow
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Blood vessels
� Three types: artery, vein and capillary
� An artery divides into smaller branches
called arterioles when it enters an organ.
� The vein receives blood from smaller
branches called venules before leaving the
organ.
Blood vessels
� Three types: artery, vein and capillary
� An artery divides into smaller branches
called arterioles when it enters an organ.
� The vein receives blood from smaller
branches called venules before leaving the
organ.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Blood vessels
Artery
Carries blood from the heart to the cells.
Carries oxygenated blood except
pulmonary artery
Has thick, muscular and elastic walls.
Small lumen
No valve.
Blood vessels
Artery
Carries blood from the heart to the cells.
Carries oxygenated blood except
pulmonary artery
Has thick, muscular and elastic walls.
Small lumen
No valve.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Blood vessels
Vein
Carries blood from the cells back to the heart
Carries deoxygenated blood except thepulmonary vein
Has thin, less mucular and less elastics wall.
Large lumen
Semilunar valves present
Blood vessels
Vein
Carries blood from the cells back to the heart
Carries deoxygenated blood except thepulmonary vein
Has thin, less mucular and less elastics wall.
Large lumen
Semilunar valves present
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Blood vessels
Capillary
Carries blood from the arteries to the cell
and from the cells to the veins
Carries oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.
Walls are only one-celled thick
Very small lumen
No valve
Blood vessels
Capillary
Carries blood from the arteries to the cell
and from the cells to the veins
Carries oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.
Walls are only one-celled thick
Very small lumen
No valve
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Blood vesselsBlood vessels
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood vesselsBlood vessels
Structure of an arteryStructure of an artery
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemBlood vesselsBlood vessels
Capillary with Red Blood Cell (TEM x32,830).Capillary with Red Blood Cell (TEM x32,830).
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Heart
� Heart is a muscular pump that contracts
and relaxes to propel blood out to the body
through arteries, and a series of bloodvessels.
� The upper chamber of the heart, the atrium
(pl. atria), is where the blood enters the
heart.
Heart
� Heart is a muscular pump that contracts
and relaxes to propel blood out to the body
through arteries, and a series of bloodvessels.
� The upper chamber of the heart, the atrium
(pl. atria), is where the blood enters the
heart.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Heart� Passing through a valve, blood enters the
lower chamber, the ventricle.
� Contraction of the ventricle forces blood
from the heart through an artery .
Heart� Passing through a valve, blood enters the
lower chamber, the ventricle.
� Contraction of the ventricle forces blood
from the heart through an artery .
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Heart� Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from
vena cava returning from the rest of the body.
�
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood frompulmonary vein returning from the lungs.
� Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the
lung via the pulmonary artery� Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest
of the body via the aorta
Heart� Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from
vena cava returning from the rest of the body.
�
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood frompulmonary vein returning from the lungs.
� Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the
lung via the pulmonary artery� Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest
of the body via the aorta
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemHeart
� Valves ± prevent the backflow of blood and allow blood
to flow in one direction only.
� Tricupsid valve - blood to flow from the right atrium to
the right ventricle.� Bicupsid valve ± blood to flow from left atrium to the left
ventricle.
� Chordae tendinae ± keeps the bicupsid and tricupsid
valve closed when the ventricles contract.
� Semilunar valves ± located at the exitx, between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left
ventricle and the aorta.
Heart
� Valves ± prevent the backflow of blood and allow blood
to flow in one direction only.
� Tricupsid valve - blood to flow from the right atrium to
the right ventricle.� Bicupsid valve ± blood to flow from left atrium to the left
ventricle.
� Chordae tendinae ± keeps the bicupsid and tricupsid
valve closed when the ventricles contract.
� Semilunar valves ± located at the exitx, between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left
ventricle and the aorta.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart (example: human heart)The heart (example: human heart)
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Pumping of the heart
� Heart pumps ± propelled - human
circulatory system.
�
The heart muscle is composed of cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart. Heart
are myogenic in nature .
�
Contraction is coordinated by thepacemaker located in the wall of the right
atrium, also known as sinoatrial node
(SAN).
Pumping of the heart
� Heart pumps ± propelled - human
circulatory system.
�
The heart muscle is composed of cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart. Heart
are myogenic in nature .
�
Contraction is coordinated by thepacemaker located in the wall of the right
atrium, also known as sinoatrial node
(SAN).
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Pumping of the heart
� From SAN ± electrical impulses - to the
atrioventricular node located at the base
of the right atrium.
� Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres are
special muscle fibres ± sends the
impulses to the ventricles, which then
contract and pumps the blood out of the
heart.
� Pacemaker-nervous system
Pumping of the heart
� From SAN ± electrical impulses - to the
atrioventricular node located at the base
of the right atrium.
� Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres are
special muscle fibres ± sends the
impulses to the ventricles, which then
contract and pumps the blood out of the
heart.
� Pacemaker-nervous system
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Pumping of the heart
Maintaining the Heart¶s rhythmic beat
Pumping of the heart
Maintaining the Heart¶s rhythmic beat
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Pumping of the heart
� Stimulation from the sympathetic system
speeds up the pacemaker and stimulation
from the parasympathetic systems slow it
down.
� Adrenaline ± increases the hearbeat.
Pumping of the heart
� Stimulation from the sympathetic system
speeds up the pacemaker and stimulation
from the parasympathetic systems slow it
down.
� Adrenaline ± increases the hearbeat.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Contraction of the skeletal muscles around
Veins
� Contraction of skeletal muscles ± helps in
blood circulation.
� Contraction of muscle ± blood is
squeezed and pushed along the veins.
�
Valves in the veins direct the blood backto the heart.
Contraction of the skeletal muscles around
Veins
� Contraction of skeletal muscles ± helps in
blood circulation.
� Contraction of muscle ± blood is
squeezed and pushed along the veins.
�
Valves in the veins direct the blood backto the heart.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure
� Blood pressure ± pressure exerted by the blood
against the wall of the blood vessels.
� The contraction of ventricles± systole, and the
relaxation of ventricles ± diastole.
� BP ± ratio of the systolic pressure over diastolic
pressure. Healthy young adults should have
pressure of ventricular systole of 120mm, and80 mm at ventricular diastole.
� BP in artery > BP in vein. BP in aorta is the
highest.
Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure
� Blood pressure ± pressure exerted by the blood
against the wall of the blood vessels.
� The contraction of ventricles± systole, and the
relaxation of ventricles ± diastole.
� BP ± ratio of the systolic pressure over diastolic
pressure. Healthy young adults should have
pressure of ventricular systole of 120mm, and80 mm at ventricular diastole.
� BP in artery > BP in vein. BP in aorta is the
highest.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure
� BP ± regulated by negative feedback
mechanism.
� Pressure receptor also know as baroreceptors
located at the arch of the aorta and the carotidarteries detect the BP flowing through them.
� Baroreceptors ± impulses to the cardiovascular
centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain,which regulates blood pressure.
Regulatory Mechanisms of Blood Pressure
� BP ± regulated by negative feedback
mechanism.
� Pressure receptor also know as baroreceptors
located at the arch of the aorta and the carotidarteries detect the BP flowing through them.
� Baroreceptors ± impulses to the cardiovascular
centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain,which regulates blood pressure.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemHuman circulatory system
1. The right ventricle pumps blood to thelungs via
2. The pulmonary arteries. As the blood flowthrough
3. Capillary beds in the left an right lungs, itloads O2 and unload CO2. O2-rich bloodreturns from the lungs via the pulmonary
veins to4. The left atrium of the heart. Next, the
O2-rich blood flows into
Human circulatory system
1. The right ventricle pumps blood to thelungs via
2. The pulmonary arteries. As the blood flowthrough
3. Capillary beds in the left an right lungs, itloads O2 and unload CO2. O2-rich bloodreturns from the lungs via the pulmonary
veins to4. The left atrium of the heart. Next, the
O2-rich blood flows into
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart
5. The left ventricle as the ventricle opensand the atrium contracts. The leftventricle pumps the O2-rich blood out tobody tissues through the systemic circuit.
Blood leaves the left ventricle via
6. The aorta, which conveys blood toarteries leading throughout the body. The
first branches from the aorta are thecoronary arteries, which supply blood tothe heart muscle itself. Then comebranches leading to capillary beds
The heart
5. The left ventricle as the ventricle opensand the atrium contracts. The leftventricle pumps the O2-rich blood out tobody tissues through the systemic circuit.
Blood leaves the left ventricle via
6. The aorta, which conveys blood toarteries leading throughout the body. The
first branches from the aorta are thecoronary arteries, which supply blood tothe heart muscle itself. Then comebranches leading to capillary beds
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart
7. In the head and arms (forelimbs). Theaorta continues in a posterior direction,supplying O2-rich blood to arteriesleading to
8. Arterioles and capillary beds in theabdominal organs and legs. Within thecapillaries, O2 and CO2 diffuse along their
concentration gradients, with O2 movingfrom the blood to the tissues and CO2
produced by cellular respiration diffusinginto the bloodstream. Capillaries rejoin,
The heart
7. In the head and arms (forelimbs). Theaorta continues in a posterior direction,supplying O2-rich blood to arteriesleading to
8. Arterioles and capillary beds in theabdominal organs and legs. Within thecapillaries, O2 and CO2 diffuse along their
concentration gradients, with O2 movingfrom the blood to the tissues and CO2
produced by cellular respiration diffusinginto the bloodstream. Capillaries rejoin,
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Circulatory systemCirculatory systemThe heart
forming venules, which convey blood toveins. O2-poor blood from the head, neck,and forelimbs is channeled into a largevein called
9. The anterior (or superior) vena cava.Another large vein called
10.The posterior (inferior) vena cava drains
blood from the trunk and hind limbs. Thetwo venae cavae empty their blood into
11.The right atrium, from which the O2-poor blood flows into the right ventricle.
The heart
forming venules, which convey blood toveins. O2-poor blood from the head, neck,and forelimbs is channeled into a largevein called
9. The anterior (or superior) vena cava.Another large vein called
10.The posterior (inferior) vena cava drains
blood from the trunk and hind limbs. Thetwo venae cavae empty their blood into
11.The right atrium, from which the O2-poor blood flows into the right ventricle.
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Circulatory systemCirculatory system
Human circulatory systemHuman circulatory system