Biology: The Study of Life!

Living Organisms

Living Vs. Non-Living Can you classify something that is living

versus something that is non-living?

The Characteristics of all Living Organisms What makes something “alive”? All living things have

Cellular organization Contain similar chemicals Use energy Respond to their surroundings Grow, develop, and reproduce

Cellular Organization Cell- the basic unit of structure and

function in an organism Organisms can be:

Unicellular- single celled Multicellular- composed of many cells

The Chemicals of Life Water Carbohydrates (main energy source) Proteins and lipids (the building blocks

of cells) Nucleic acids (genetic material)

Energy use, Growth and Development Living organisms need energy to do

everything!! Growth- to become larger Development- the process of change

that occurs to produce a more complex organism

Reproduction- to produce offspring

Responding to Surroundings Stimuli- changes in temperature, light,

sound, and other factors Response- an action or change in

behavior

The Needs of Living Things What do you need to live?

Water Food Living Space Stable internal conditions

Homeostasis- the maintenance of stable internal conditions

Cell Structure & Function

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

Two Types of Cells• Prokaryotic• Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Do not have structures

surrounded by membranes

Few internal structures One-celled organisms,

Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

Cell PartsOrganelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane

Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell

Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell WallMost commonly

found in plant cells & bacteria

Supports & protects cells

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Inside the Cell

Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear MembraneSurrounds nucleusMade of two layersOpenings allow

material to enter and leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chromosomes In nucleusMade of DNAContain

instructions for traits & characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Nucleolus Inside nucleusContains RNA to

build proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic ReticulumMoves materials

around in cellSmooth type: lacks

ribosomesRough type (pictured):

ribosomes embedded in surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

RibosomesEach cell contains

thousandsMake proteinsFound on

ribosomes & floating throughout the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

MitochondriaProduces energy through

chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates

Controls level of water and other materials in cell

Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Golgi BodiesProtein 'packaging

plant'Move materials

within the cellMove materials out

of the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

LysosomeDigestive 'plant' for

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

VacuolesMembrane-bound

sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal

Contains water solution

Help plants maintain shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“Typical” Plant Cell

ChloroplastUsually found in

plant cellsContains green

chlorophyllWhere

photosynthesis takes place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Division

MITOSIS

MitosisThe process of cell division

which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent

cell.

The daughter cells are identical to one another

and to the original parent cell.

Mitosis can be divided into stages

• Interphase

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase & Cytokinesis

InterphaseThe cell prepares for division

Animal Cell DNA replicated Organelles replicated Cell increases in size

Interphase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

ProphaseThe cell prepares for nuclear division

Animal Cell Packages DNA into

chromosomes

Prophase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MetaphaseThe cell prepares chromosomes for division

Animal Cell Chromosomes

line up at the center of the cell

Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere

Metaphase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

AnaphaseThe chromosomes divide

Animal Cell Spindle fibers pull

chromosomes apart ½ of each

chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell

Anaphase

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

TelophaseThe cytoplasm dividesAnimal Cell

DNA spreads out 2 nuclei form Cell wall pinches

in to form the 2 new daughter cells

TelophaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Mitosis Animation

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

Animal Mitosis Review

Interphase

                                              

              

Prophase

                                             

               

Metaphase

                                              

              

Anaphase

                                             

               

Telophase

                                              

              

Interphase