BIOLOGY - Saddleback College · BIOLOGY Chapter 9 Cellular Communication. CAMPBELL BIOLOGY ......

BIOLOGY

Chapter 9 Cellular Communication

CAMPBELL

BIOLOGYReece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

TENTH

EDITION

CAMPBELL

BIOLOGYReece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson

TENTH

EDITION

11Cell

Communication

Figure 11.1Cell Communication

Exchange

of mating

factors

Receptor factor

a factorYeast cell,

mating type aYeast cell,

mating type

Mating

New a/ cell

1

2

3

a

a

a/

Mating Yeast Communication• Signaling factors for attraction

• Reception

• Transduction (change)

Figure 11.3

Individual

rod-shaped

cells

Spore-forming

structure

(fruiting body)

Aggregation

in progress

Fruiting bodies

1

2

3

0.5 mm

2.5 mm

Soil myxobacteria

• biofilms

Plasma membranes

Gap junctions

between animal cells

Plasmodesmata

between plant cells

(a) Cell junctions – 2 types

(b) Cell-cell recognition

Direct Contact SignalingFigure 9.2

Figure 9.2 and 9.3

2 types of Local signaling with messenger molecules

Target cell

Secreting

cellSecretory

vesicle

Local regulator

diffuses through

extracellular fluid.

(a) Paracrine signaling

• Diffuses around cells

• Target not specific must have receptor

• Excitatory or inhibitory

(b) Synaptic signaling

• Specific target

• Excitatory or inhibitory

Electrical signal

along nerve cell

triggers release of

neurotransmitter.

Neurotransmitter

diffuses across

synapse.

Target cell

is stimulated.

Figure 9.3

Synapse

• Presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell—

• Synaptic gap—I

• Neurotransmitter (NT)

To end the signal, neurotransmitters:

• Enzymes degrade NT

• NT diffuses away

• NT reuptake into presynaptic cell

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.2

Long-distance signaling

Endocrine cellBlood

vessel

Hormone travels

in bloodstream.

Target cell

specifically

binds

hormone.

(c) Endocrine (hormonal) signaling

Long Distance Signaling• Endocrine• Signaling cell far from target cell• Ex. Hormones

Figure 11.6-1

CYTOPLASM

Plasma membrane

EXTRACELLULAR

FLUID

Receptor

Signaling

molecule

Reception1

Overview of cell signaling (3 stages)

• Ex. Epinephrine & glycogen breakdown

Figure 11.6-2

CYTOPLASM

Plasma membrane

EXTRACELLULAR

FLUID

Receptor

Signaling

molecule

Reception1 Transduction2

Relay molecules

1 2 3



Figure 11.6-3

CYTOPLASM

Plasma membrane

EXTRACELLULAR

FLUID

Receptor

Signaling

molecule

Reception1 Transduction2

Relay molecules

1 2 3

Response3

Activation

of cellular

response



Animation: Overview of Cell

Signaling

• There are three main types of membrane

receptors

➢G protein-coupled receptors

➢Receptor tyrosine kinases

➢Ion channel receptors

Figure 9.6

Signaling molecule binding site

Segment thatinteracts with G proteins

Receptor for:

•Yeast mating

•Many hormones

•Neurotransmitters

In us:

•Sensory reception

•Sight

•Smell

•Taste

•ANS

•Behavior & mood regulation

•Immune & Inflammation

•Embryonic development

•Homeostasis (water reg)

Bacterial diseases use:

•Cholera

•Botulsim

Human diseases:

•Cancer (growth & metastasis)

•Asthma

G protein-coupled receptor

Figure 9.6

G protein-coupled

receptor

21

3 4

Plasmamembrane

G protein(inactive)

CYTOPLASMEnzyme

Activatedreceptor

Signalingmolecule

Inactiveenzyme

Activatedenzyme

Cellular response

GDPGTP

GDPGTP

GTP

P i

GDP

GDP

1) G protein-coupled receptor

Figure 9.6

G protein coupled receptor (3 subunits)• Alpha • Beta • Gamma

2) G protein subunitGDP GTP

3) G protein active

4) subunit dissociates activates NZ(s)• triggers signal transduction• cellular response

5) and bound & inactive

6) GTP GDP

7) G protein inactive

1) G protein inactive2) Signal molecule binds

Figure 9.10 – Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signal molecule

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

• Regulates cell growth

• wound healing

• tissue repair

Cancer?

Figure 9.8/9.10

Signaling

molecule (ligand)

21

3 4

Ligand-binding site

helix in the

membrane

Tyrosines

CYTOPLASM Receptor tyrosine

kinase proteins

(inactive monomers)

Signaling

molecule

Dimer

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

Tyr

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

Activated tyrosine

kinase regions

(unphosphorylated

dimer)

Fully activated

receptor tyrosine

kinase

(phosphorylated

dimer)

Activated relay

proteins

Cellular

response 1

Cellular

response 2

Inactive

relay proteins

6 ATP 6 ADP

2) Tyrosine Kinase Receptor • Growth factor activation

• Embryonic development

• Neurological diseases

• Various cancers

Figure 9.5

Signalingmolecule (ligand)

21 3

Gate closed Ions

Ligand-gatedion channel receptor

Plasmamembrane

Gate open

Cellularresponse

Gate closed

3) Ligand gated channel receptors

Figure 9.4/9.9

Hormone(testosterone)

Receptorprotein

Plasmamembrane

DNA

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

Intracellular or Mobile Receptor Model➢ Small or hydrophobic molecules

➢ Act as transcriptional factor


Receptorprotein

Plasmamembrane

Hormone-receptorcomplex

DNA

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

Intracellular or Mobile Receptor ModelIntracellular or Mobile Receptor Model➢ Small or hydrophobic molecules


Figure 9.4/9.9


Receptorprotein

Plasmamembrane


DNA

mRNA

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

EXTRACELLULARFLUID



Figure 9.4/9.9


Receptorprotein

Plasmamembrane

EXTRACELLULARFLUID


DNA

mRNA

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

New protein



Figure 9.4/9.9

Figure 11.UN02

Reception Transduction Response

Relay molecules

Signaling

molecule

Receptor

Activation

of cellular

response1 2 3

1 2 3

Figure 11.10a

Signaling molecule

Activated relay

moleculeReceptor

Inactive

protein kinase

1 Active

protein

kinase

1

Signal molecule binds • activation of G proteins OR• RTK dimerization & phosphorylation OR• Opening of gated ion channels➢ triggers signal transduction pathway

Figure 11.10

Receptor

Signaling molecule

Activated relaymolecule

Inactiveprotein kinase

1 Activeprotein kinase

1

Activeprotein kinase

2


3


2


3

Inactiveprotein

Activeprotein

Cellularresponse

ATPADP

ATPADP

ATPADP

PP

PP

PP

P

P

P

P i

P i

P i

Transduction

Figure 11.10a

Activated relaymolecule


1 Activeprotein kinase

1


2


3


2


3

Inactiveprotein

Activeprotein

ATP

ADP

ATPADP

ATP

ADP

PP

PP

PP

P

P

P i

P i

P i

P

Cellular response

Transduction

Figure 11.11

Adenylyl cyclase Phosphodiesterase

Pyrophosphate

AMP

H2O

ATP

P iP

cAMP

Inactivation of cAMPActivation of cAMP

Secondary Messengers• Small non-protein,Water soluble molecules• Ions• Diffusion• GPCRs & RTKs pathways• Ex. cAMP, inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), Ca++

Transduction

Figure 11.12

First messenger

(signaling molecule

such as epinephrine)

G protein

Adenylyl

cyclase

G protein-coupled

receptorSecond

messenger

Cellular responses

Protein

kinase A

GTP

ATP

cAMP

Secondary Messengers• Small non-protein,Water soluble molecules• Ions• Diffusion• GPCRs & RTKs pathways• Ex. cAMP & Ca++

Transduction

Figure 11.13

Mitochondrion

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

Plasmamembrane

Ca2

pump

Nucleus

CYTOSOL

Ca2

pump

Ca2

pump

Endoplasmicreticulum(ER)

ATP

ATP

Low [Ca2 ]High [Ca2 ]Key

Secondary MessengerMaintaining [Ca2+]

Figure 11.14-1

G protein

EXTRA-CELLULARFLUID

Signaling molecule(first messenger)

G protein-coupledreceptor

Phospholipase C

DAG

PIP2

IP3

(Inositol triphosphate)(second messenger)

IP3-gatedcalcium channel

Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)

CYTOSOL

Ca2

GTP

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

Secondary Messenger

diacylglycerol

Secondary messengers• Diacylglycerol (DAG)• Inositol triphosphate (IP3)• Calcium

Figure 11.14-1

EXTRA-

CELLULAR

FLUID

Signaling molecule

(first messenger)

G protein

GTP

CYTOSOLG protein-coupled

receptor Phospholipase C

DAG

PIP2

IP3

Inositol triphosphate

(second messenger)

IP3-gated

calcium channel

Ca2

Nucleus

Endoplasmic

reticulum (ER)

lumen

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

diacylglycerol

Secondary Messenger

Figure 11.14-2

G protein

EXTRA-CELLULARFLUID

Signaling molecule(first messenger)


Phospholipase C

DAG

PIP2

IP3

(second messenger)

IP3-gatedcalcium channel

Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)

CYTOSOL

Ca2

(secondmessenger)

Ca2

GTP

Secondary Messenger

Figure 11.14-2

EXTRA-

CELLULAR

FLUID

Signaling molecule

(first messenger)

G protein

GTP

CYTOSOLG protein-coupled

receptor Phospholipase C

DAG

PIP2

IP3

(second messenger)

IP3-gated

calcium channel

Ca2

Nucleus

Endoplasmic

reticulum (ER)

lumen

Ca2

(second

messenger)

Secondary Messenger

Animation: Signal Transduction

Pathways

Figure 11.UN02


Relay molecules

Signaling

molecule

Receptor

Activation

of cellular

response1 2 3

1 2 3

Figure 11.15

Growth factor

Receptor

Phosphorylationcascade

Reception

Transduction

CYTOPLASM

Inactive

transcription

factor

Activetranscriptionfactor

DNA

ResponseP

Gene

mRNANUCLEUS

Cellular Responses:1. Transcription2. Cytoplasmic response

Figure 11.15a

Growth factor

Receptor

Phosphorylationcascade

Reception

Transduction

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

Inactive

transcription

factor

Responses:

1. Transcription

Figure 11.15b

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

Phospho-rylation

cascade Transduction

Inactive

transcription

factor

Active

transcription

factor Response

DNA

P

Gene

mRNA

Responses:

1. Transcription

Figure 11.16

Reception Transduction

Inactive

G protein

Active G protein (102 molecules)

Inactive

adenylyl cyclase

Active adenylyl cyclase (102)

ATP

Cyclic AMP (104)

Inactive

protein kinase A

Active protein kinase A (104)

Inactive

phosphorylase kinase

Active phosphorylase kinase (105)

Active glycogen phosphorylase (106)

Inactive

glycogen phosphorylaseGlycogen

Response

Glucose 1-phosphate

(108 molecules)

Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled

receptor

(1 molecule)

Responses:

2. Cytoplasmic response

Cellular Responses

Figure 11.17

Wild type (with shmoos) Fus3 formin

Matingfactoractivatesreceptor.

Matingfactor


Shmoo projectionforming

Formin

G protein binds GTPand becomes activated.

2

1

3

4

5

P

P

P

P

ForminFormin

Fus3

Fus3Fus3

GDPGTP

Phosphory-lation

cascade

Microfilament

Actinsubunit

Phosphorylation cascadeactivates Fus3, which movesto plasma membrane.

Fus3 phos-phorylatesformin,activating it.

Formin initiates growth ofmicrofilaments that formthe shmoo projections.

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

Figure 11.17

Signaling

molecule

Receptor

Relay

mole-

cules

Response 1 Response 2 Response 3 Response 4 Response 5

Cell A: Pathway leads

to a single response.

Cell B: Pathway

branches, leading to

two responses.

Cell C: Cross-talk

occurs between two

pathways.

Cell D: Different

receptor leads to a

different response.

Activation

or inhibition

Same signaling molecule 5 different responses

Why?

Figure 11.18

Signaling

molecule

Receptor

Scaffolding

protein

Plasma

membrane

Three

different

protein

kinases

Scaffolding protein facilitates transduction signal

Figure 9.15 & 11.21

Mitochondrion

Ced-9protein (active)inhibits Ced-4activity

Receptorfor death-signalingmolecule

Ced-4 Ced-3

Inactive proteins

(a) No death signal

Death-signalingmolecule

Ced-9(inactive)

Cellformsblebs

ActiveCed-4

ActiveCed-3

Otherproteases

NucleasesActivationcascade

(b) Death signal

Apoptosis

Figure 11.22

Interdigital tissue

Cells undergoingapoptosis

Space betweendigits1 mm

Apoptosis

Figure 11.UN02


Relay molecules

Signaling

molecule

Receptor

Activation

of cellular

response1 2 3

1 2 3

Figure 11.UN02

BIOLOGY - Saddleback College · BIOLOGY Chapter 9 Cellular Communication. CAMPBELL BIOLOGY ......

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