Biology Review Part 1Biology Review Part 1

B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

Cell TypesCell Types

Prokaryotic (“before nucleus”)Prokaryotic (“before nucleus”) Genetic material (DNA) is not in a nucleusGenetic material (DNA) is not in a nucleus Less complicated and smaller than eukaryotic cellsLess complicated and smaller than eukaryotic cells Example: BacteriaExample: Bacteria An organism made of a prokaryotic cell is called a An organism made of a prokaryotic cell is called a

prokaryote.prokaryote.

Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell

Cell TypesCell Types

Eukaryotic (“true nucleus”)Eukaryotic (“true nucleus”) Genetic material is in a nucleus (separated from the Genetic material is in a nucleus (separated from the

rest of cell)rest of cell) More complex and larger than prokaryotic cellsMore complex and larger than prokaryotic cells Example: plants, animals, fungi, protistsExample: plants, animals, fungi, protists An organism made of eukaryotic cell(s) is called An organism made of eukaryotic cell(s) is called

eukaryoticeukaryotic

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Animal Cell

Centrioles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

NucleusThe nucleus is the control center of the cell.

The nucleus contains DNA, which has the instructions for making proteins.

Nucleus

NucleusThe nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which is composed of two membranes.

The nuclear envelope has thousands of nuclear pores, which allow substances such as proteins and RNA to move into and out of the nucleus.

Nuclear envelope

Nuclear pore

RibosomeRibosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes produce proteins using information from the nucleus.

Each ribosome is like a small machine in a factory, carrying out order from its boss- the nucleus.

-The RER is the part of the ER involved in protein synthesis. ---The RER gets its name from the ribosomes bound to its surface. -When proteins are made, they travel from the ribosomes to the RER where they may be chemically modified.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membranes. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside of the cell.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes.

Lysosomes digest (or breakdown) lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be reused by the cell.

Vacuole Vacuoles are saclike structures for storage of water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

In plants, the vacuole is filled with liquid that creates pressure that plants use to support leaves and flowers.

Vacuole

Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy store in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy from photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts contain stacks of membranes that contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which is what makes plants appear green.

Chloroplasts

Cilia and FlagellaStructures made of proteins found in the cytoskeleton.1. Cilia

a. Shorter and more numerous than flagellab. Used to move fluid outside the cell

2. Flagellaa. Longer and fewer in number than ciliab. Organisms with flagella use them to move or “swim”

ciliaflagella

The cell is separated from its surroundings The cell is separated from its surroundings by:by:

1.1. Cell membraneCell membrane

2.2. Cell wallCell wall

TheThe cell membrane cell membrane functions to:functions to:

1.1. regulate what enters and leaves the regulate what enters and leaves the cellcell

2.2. provides protection and supportprovides protection and support

The cell wall:The cell wall:1.1. functions to:functions to:

a.a. provide support and provide support and protection to the cellprotection to the cell

b.b. allow water, oxygen, allow water, oxygen, carbon carbon dioxide, and some dioxide, and some other other substances to pass in substances to pass in and and out of the cellout of the cell2.2. is OUTSIDE of the cell is OUTSIDE of the cell membrane.membrane.

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Allows the cell or organism to maintain a Allows the cell or organism to maintain a stable internal environmentstable internal environment

Example: Your body needs to maintain a Example: Your body needs to maintain a stable temperature to function. Therefore, stable temperature to function. Therefore, you sweat when you get too hot.you sweat when you get too hot.

What happens when you get too cold?What happens when you get too cold?

Diffusion is the movement of particles (such as a Diffusion is the movement of particles (such as a dissolved solute) from an area of higher dissolved solute) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Example: Adding food coloring to water.Example: Adding food coloring to water.

What is osmosis?What is osmosis?

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.selectively permeable membrane.

Permeable means that some substance Permeable means that some substance can diffuse across the membrane.can diffuse across the membrane.

Most biological membranes are selectively Most biological membranes are selectively permeable, such that some substances permeable, such that some substances can pass by, but not all.can pass by, but not all.

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

1.1. Some molecules are too big or too Some molecules are too big or too strongly charged to cross the cell strongly charged to cross the cell membrane on their own.membrane on their own.

2.2. Molecules move from higher Molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration so concentration to lower concentration so facilitated diffusion does not require facilitated diffusion does not require energy.energy.

High K+

concentration

Low K+

concentration

Active TransportActive Transport

Sometimes cells must transfer molecule from Sometimes cells must transfer molecule from low concentration to high concentration low concentration to high concentration (opposite of diffusion which is from high (opposite of diffusion which is from high concentration to low concentration). concentration to low concentration).

This moving of molecules “against a This moving of molecules “against a concentration difference” is called active concentration difference” is called active transport because it requires energy.transport because it requires energy.

Active transport:Active transport:

1.1. Molecular transport Molecular transportUsed for small molecules and ions such as Used for small molecules and ions such as

calcium, potassium and sodium ionscalcium, potassium and sodium ionsEnergy-requiring pumpsEnergy-requiring pumps Involves changes in protein shapeInvolves changes in protein shape

Molecular transportMolecular transport

Overview of photosynthesisOverview of photosynthesis

the process by which plants, some bacteria, the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar sunlight to produce sugar

6H6H22O + 6COO + 6CO22 ----------> C ----------> C66HH1212OO66+ 6O+ 6O22

six molecules of water plus six molecules of six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygensugar plus six molecules of oxygen

Light Energy

Chloroplast

CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Photosynthesis

Overview of cellular respirationOverview of cellular respiration

1.1.    Cellular respiration is the process that releases Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down energy by breaking down glucoseglucose and other food and other food molecules in the presence of molecules in the presence of oxygenoxygen..

2.2.      What is the chemical equation for cellular What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?respiration?

oxygen + glucose oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy carbon dioxide + water + energy

OO22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 CO CO22 + H + H22O + energyO + energy

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

ATP is the “fuel” used by living things

1. Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise?

F Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membraneG Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentrationH Water and starch volumes being the sameJ Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

2. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s —

A mitochondria

B chloroplasts

C plastids

D lysosomes

B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

3. Food provides the human body with all of the following except —

F calories

G amino acid

H hydrochloric acid

J lipids

B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

4. Which of these is a function of the cell membrane in all cells?

A Producing cellular nutrients

B Preserving cellular wastes

C Neutralizing chemicals

D Maintaining homeostasis

B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

5. The diagram shows different parts of a human sperm cell. Which part of the cell is most likely specialized for mobility?

A QB RC SD T

B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.