Biology Module 2010 Seratas
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Transcript of Biology Module 2010 Seratas
Biology Form 4 module with the content of notes, Power Point notes, PowerPoint courseware and question bank. This module is suitable to be use by teachers and students as aid learning material to compliment the textbook.
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
Learning Objective:
Understanding mitosisUnderstanding meiosisappreciating the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
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Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
Chapter 5: Cell Division5.1 Mitosis
Do you still remember what the basic of living thing is? Do you ever think how you can growth from a baby into an adult? What happen to your body or maybe to your cell?
_______________________________
Most of our cells are continuously growing, dividing and dying. The dead cells must be replaced with new cells. The cells undergo cell division to produce the new cells.
Necessity for cell division in living organism
The new cell formation allows:
replacement of dead cell body repair damaged tissue body growth and development reproduction in unicellular organism eg.
binary fission of Amoeba sp.
Stages of cell division
nuclear division- mitosis or meiosis cytoplasmic division- cytokinesis
What is DNA and Chromosome?
Types of cells:
1.Somatic cell- all body cell (except reproductive cell) form trough mitosis
2.Gametic cell- reproductive cell that formed trough meiosis
Chromosome contain DNA which carries genes (genetic material)
The nucleus of cell contain chromosomes
DNA is tightly wrapped with histone to form chromatin.
Chromosome--the chromatin then coils up even tighter to form short fat bundles during division
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Homologous chromosomes and karyotype
Different species have different number of chromosomes, but all members of the same species have the same number. Example: Humans have 46 chromosomal numbers.
Each chromosome has a characteristic size, shape and banding pattern, which allows it to be identified and numbered
Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
Diploid and haploid
Ploidy – refers to the number of sets of homologous chromosomes in a cell
Diploid organisms receive one of each type of chromosome from maternal and paternal chromosomes
Haploid – one copy of each chromosome – designated as “n”
Diploid – two copies (= pair) of each chromosome – designated as “2n”
Significance of mitosis
Produce from replication of DNA. Have identical genetic contain
Pairs of same size, shape and banding patterns chromosome
Homo= same
Karyotype=arrangement of homologous pairs of chromosome
Trivia?
A monkey sperm cell have 24 chromosomes, how many pairs of chromosomes does the cheek cells of the monkey have?
Answer:
2set (2n/diploid): ___ chromosomes (somatic cell)
1set (n/haploid): ___ chromosomes (gametic cell)
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Significance
growth- the number of cell
within organism increases by
mitosis.
cell replacement- replacement
damaged cells and tissue
Regeneration –star fish
regenerate whole part of the body such
asexual reproduction -binary fission
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
Each daughter formed through mitosis carries genetic material (DNA) inherited from the parent cell.
This genetic information is passed on to new cells during division to produce two identical nuclei.
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Cell cycle
2 major phases:
i) interphase (3 stages: G1,S and G2)
– DNA uncondense (= chromatin)
- 90% of cell cycle
ii) Mitotic phase (4 stages + cytokinesis)
- Nuclear division & cytoplasm division
- DNA condensed (= chromosomes)
cytokinesis
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Interphase
chromatin not visible DNA replicated
Prophase chromosomes condensed and visible centrioles at opposite poles of cell phase ends with the breakdown of the nuclear membrane
Metaphase chromosomes align along equator of cell spindle fibres (microtubules) connect centrioles to chromosomes
Anaphase
centromeres split, allowing chromatids to separate chromatids move towards poles
Telophase
spindle fibres disperse nuclear membranes form
Sub phase of mitosis
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Cytokinesis
(division of cytoplasm)
In animals, a groove called the cleavage furrow forms pinching the parent cell in two
In plants, a cell plate forms down the middle of the cell where the new cell wall will be
? Find the differences of cytokinesis in animal and plant cell.
Controlled and uncontrolled mitosis
Importance of controlled mitosis Effect of uncontrolled mitosis
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Ability of cell to divide by its own rate and timing Controlled by genes Enables growth and development occur at right time Important for normal growth, development and maintenance
example-division of human skin throughout life- division of nerve cell and muscles cell stop after cells mature
Causes cell divide repeatedly without control and regulation
lead to formation of benign and malignant tumor
Benign- abnormal cell remains at original site. Remove by surgery
malignant- cancer which spread to other tissues through blood or lymph circulatory
Cause by mutation of gene- exposure to ultraviolet, carcinogenic chemical or virus.
Application of mitosis
Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent using mitosis. Therefore the offspring are genetically identical to each other and to their "parent"- i.e. they are clones.
METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Natural Methods Artificial Methods
MICROBES
binary fission, budding, spores, fragmentation
cell culture, fermenters
PLANTSvegetative propagation, parthenogenesis
cuttings, grafting, tissue culture
ANIMALS
budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis
embryo splitting, somatic cell cloning
i) Tissue culture
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Explain the steps of tissue culture base on the diagram.
ii) animal cloning
Activity
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Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
5.2 Meiosis
Importance of meiosis
After fertilization of male and female gametes, the offspring will have twice number of chromosomes
Hence, in order to maintain the same chromosomal number of the offspring, the cell must undergo meiosis.
Each gametes receive one chromosomes from every pair of homologous .So, gametes contain haploid (n) number of chromosomes Meiosis comprises two successive nuclear divisions with only one round of DNA replication.
Dolly-1st cloning mammal CC-cat clone in 2001
Find about these clone on internet.
Internet research
Meiosis is process of nuclear division that reduces number of chromosome in new cells to the half number of chromosome in parent cells
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
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Where does meiosis occur?
Animal Plant
sex Male female Male female
organ
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How to count chromosome?
This I single chromosome
or chroma
tid
The number
of chromo
some can
count by the
number of the
centromere
Sister chromatid
centromere
Tetrad
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Gametes
sperm ovum pollen ovum
Meiosis stages
Synapsis and crossing over
During
prophase I, homologous chromosomes come
together form bivalent through synapsis. The bivalent
visible as four-part structure known as tetrad
Crossing over occur between non sister chromatid
to change genetic material
Chiasma (plural: chiasmata) is site at crossing over occur
Crossing over
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Meiosis I: Separate the Homologues
Meiosis II:
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daughter cells are formed = eggs or sperm. Each contains half as many chromosomes as the parent cell (n); each cell is genetically different from its parents and from its "siblings". Fertilization of an egg by a sperm restores the chromosome number to 2n.
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Comparison of meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis I Differences Meiosis II
- Homologous chromosome pairs up –
- crossing over between non sister chromatid
PROPHASE -no synapsis of homologous chromosome
- No crossing over
- Homologous chromosomes align at equator
METAPHASE -chromosomes align at equator
- Homologous chromosome separate and move to opposite poles
- siser chromatid attach at centromere
ANAPHASE -sister chromatid separate becoming daughter chromosome
-Produce 2 haploid daughter cell
-each daughter cell has only one of each type of chromosome
TELOPHASE 4 haploid daughter cell produced
each cell have only one of the sister chromatid
Have same number of chromosome with haploid cell from meiosis I
Compare meiosis and mitosis
Mitosis Aspect Meiosis
- similarities
- Place -
- role -
Number of division
Synapsis and crossing over
Number of daughter cell
Genetic composition in daughter cell
Genetic variation
Ploidy level
5.3 Appreciating the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
Activity
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What will happen if the chromosome not move in proper position during the division?
Make internet research about:
-Downs Syndrome
-Turner syndrome
-Edwards Syndrome
Internet research What happen to chromosome which cause these syndromes occur in human?
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Chapter 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM
Learning Objective:
Understanding the abiotic and biotic components of environmentUnderstanding the processes of colonization and succession in an ecosystem Synthesizing ideas on population ecologyUnderstanding the concept of biodiversity Understanding the impact of microorganism on lifeAppreciating biodiversity
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Grass (producer)grasshoppers (primary consumer)frog (secondary consumer)snakes (tertiary consumer)
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
8.1 The Abiotic and Biotic Component of the Environment
Food chain, food web and trophic levels
Food
chain - sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred.
Explain what is :
1. producer-
2.primary consumer-
3. Secondary consumer-
4. tertiary consumer-
5 decomposer-
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The abiotic component The biotic component
The non-living components such as The living organisms in the environment such as
1.pH value – soil and water2.Light intensity – as source of energy3.Temperature4.Humidity – amount of water vapour present in the air5.Topography – physical features of land (altitude, gradient and aspect of region)6.Microclimate – climate in a microhabitat
1. Producers – synthesise organic substances (plants)
2. Consumers – eat other organisms (primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer)
3. Decomposers – microorganisms that break down waste products and dead bodies (bacteria and fungi)
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
Food web – food chain interconnected.
Energy flows through food web and lost when it transferred from one level to another level of the trophic levels in the form of heat
Label the producer and consumer in the food web
Activity
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Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
The interaction between biotic component in relation to feeding
Organisms interact with one another in various ways such as
(a)Symbiosis
close relationship between two or more different species which live closely together and interact with each otherthree categories:
(b) Prey-predator
Relationship where an organism which is smaller, called the prey, is haunted and eaten by a stronger animal, the predatorE.g. an owl (predator) and a rat (prey)The interaction takes place in a cycle that keeps the populations of both organisms in a dynamic equilibrium
(c)The interaction between biotic components in relation to competition
Competition – interaction between organisms living together in a habitat and competing for the same resources that are limited supplyTwo types:
a) Intraspecific – competition between the same speciesb) Interspecific – competition between different species
Commensalism
One species (the commensal) benefits, the other (the host) don’t get benefits nor is harmedE.g. epiphytes grows on branches of trees
MutualismRelationship between two species of organisms in which both benefitE.g. bacteria in the digestive system of human
ParasitismRelationship between two organisms in which one organism (the parasites) benefits from the other organism (the host)Two types:a) Ectoparasites – live on the surface of the host (e.g. ticks and fleas)b) Endoparasites – live inside the body of the host (e.g. tapeworms)
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8.2 Colonisation and Succession in an Ecosystem
Ecosystem
A community of organisms which interact with their non-living environment & function as unit.Vary in size-Have level of organisation:
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a group of organisms that have similar characterisitics, share the same roles in an ecosystem and are capable of interbreeding.Speci
es
Popu
lationseveral different species living in the same habitat in an ecosystemC
ommun
it
y
r o le o f a n o r gan i sm in e cos yst e m
Niche
Colonisation
Colonisation takes place in a newly formed areas where no life previously existed.The first organism occupy a newly formed area are called pioneer species.Characteristics:i.Hardy plant that have dense root system (grass)ii.Short life-cycleThey modify and creating more conducive condition to other organisms
Second species
Second species came after the pioneer species are the successor species.Characteristics:i. Bigger than pioneer species (herbs)ii.Have small wind-dispersal seeds (to spread and grow rapidly)They change the structure and quality of the soil and creating more conducive condition for larger plants to grow.
Third and permanent species
Third and permanent species are the dominant species (shrub).Modify the environment for larger trees to grow.
Succesion
Succession – the gradual process through which one community changes its environment to be replaced by another community.
Climax community
ecological succession leads to relatively stable community (equilibrium with its environment)
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Colonisation and succession
Make research or field trip to mangrove to study the succession and plant species at the mangrove
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The quadrat sampling techniqueUsed in estimating the size of plant population and immobile animal.A quadrat – metal, wooden frame or PVC pipe frame which form a square of a known area (1 m2).placed randomly in an ecosystem where sampling is carried outFrequency – number of times a particular species is found present when a quadrat is thrown a certain number of timeDensity – the mean number of individuals of species per unit areaPercentage coverage – an indication of how much the area of quadrat is occupied by a species
The capture, mark, release and recapture techniqueUsed to estimate mobile animals (small mammals, butterflies, birds and insects)Procedure:1.Animal sample is captured2.Marked3.Released4. Second sample captured & number of marked animal recorded
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
8.3 Population Ecology
A branch of ecology that studies the structure and dynamics of population.Population density – number of organism per unit area of habitatAffected by abiotic and biotic factors, birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration.
Determine population density
Direct counting – method to estimate the size and density of population (impractical due to the size of ecosystem, the number of plants involved and the movement of the animal).Sampling technique – more practical way, enable us to estimate the total population size of the organism.
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Monera / Prokaryotaeunicellularno true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)examples - bacteria, blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Protistaunicellularhave a true nucleus - eukaryoteexamples - amoeba, diatom, euglena, paramecium, some algae (unicellular)
Fungimulticellularhave nucleimainly do not move from place to placeheterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)examples - mushroom, mold, puffball, shelf/bracket fungus, yeast,Plantaemulticellular, have nucleido not moveautotrophicexamples - multicellular algae, mosses, ferns, flowering plants (dandelions, roses, etc.), trees
Animaliamulticellular, nucleido moveheterotrophicexamples - sponge, jellyfish, insect, fish, frog, bird, man
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
1.Do the quadrat sampling technique at the field of your school to estimated the population of Mimosa pudica.2. Apply the capture recapture method using beads in laboratory.
8.4 Biodiversity
What is meant by biodiversity…o The diverse species of plants and animal interacting with one another on Earth.
Need to be classified because there are many organisms in this world.
Classification of OrganismsTaxonomy – branch of Biology concerned with identifying, describing and naming organisms.Systematic method of classifying plants and animal based on the similarities in their characteristics.Classification of OrganismsOrganisms can be classified into 5 major kingdom:
Activity
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Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
The hierarchy in the classification of organisms
7 hierarchy levels
The number of organisms at each levels decreasesNaming of organisms is based on Linnaeus binomial system.Each organism has two names in Latin –a) first name is the name of genus (begins with capital letter) & b) second name is the name of species (begins with small letter)
E.g. Mimosa pudica – Mimosa refers to the genus and pudica refers to the species.c) Specific names are written in italic or underline.
E.g. Mimosa pudica or Mimosa pudica
The importance of biodiversity
Provide various biological products – food, medicine, timber, etc.Provide many environmental services – nutrient cycle, pollination, etc.Give diversity in the genetic pool.
http://schools.utah.gov/curr/science/sciber00/7th/classify/sciber/5king2.htm
species
genus
family
order
Class
Phylum
kingdom
On line
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8.5 The impact of Microorganisms on Life
Microorganism
Tiny living things that only can be seen using microscope Classified based on their characteristics (appearance, shape, size, method of reproduction, nutrition and habitat)Classified into 5 groups:
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Viruses smallest microorganisms, not a living cell and must use living cells to reproduce. E.g. HIV, Influenza virus
Bacteria unicellular organisms, have cell wall, form spores under unfavourable conditionhave 3 common shape : spherical, rod-shaped and spiral. E.g. Lactobacillus sp.Straphyloccous sp.
Protozoa unicellular organism, have plasma membrane and can carry out living processes. E.g. Amoeba sp.,Paramecium sp.
Algae have chlorophyl and chloroplast, can undergoes photosynthesis process. (E.g. Spirogyra sp.)
Fungiheterotrophic microorganisms,feeds by secreting enzymes that break down the surrounding organic material into simple molecule before absorb them. E.g. Mucor sp.,yeast
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
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Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
The role of useful microorganisms in the ecosystem
1. Decomposition 2. The nitrogen cycle3. Digesting animal’s food4. Digesting human’s food
The harmful microorganisms
Microorganisms that cause diseases are called pathogensPathogens are classified as parasites or saprophytesThey cause diseases in two ways:
1.Produce poisonous chemical
2.Attack and destroy host cells and body tissues
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Production of antibiotics, vaccines and hormones
Waste treatment
Production of biodegradable plastic (bioplastic)
Cleaning of oil spills
Production of energy from biomass
Food processing
Nurul Azuwin bt YazidBiology Form 4
Controlling pathogen
Do library and internet research how to control the pathogen.
Present your research in the form of mind map
The uses of microorganisms in biotechnology
Biotechnology – application of biological processes in the manufacturing and servicing industries
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
Air
Water
FoodVectors
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Activity
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Appreciating Biodiversity
Through conservation and preservation.
List your idea how we can applying conservation and preservationActivity
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Learning Objective:
Evaluating human activities that endanger an ecosystem Understanding greenhouse effect and thinning of ozone layerRealising the importance of proper management of development activities and ecosystem
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