Biology Lesson 2.2
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Transcript of Biology Lesson 2.2
Lesson 2.2
Plants have 3 distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissue• composes most of the plant• four types:
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structurePlants have three distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissueFour types
A. Epidermal•protects and covers •is covered by a cuticle (waxy layer) to prevent water loss and injury• Like plant’s skin• Is a single layer of cells
Epidermal layer
Cuticle causes water to bead on leaves.
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure•Plants have three distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissue
• four types: A. Epidermal
B. Cork •replaces the epidermis as a plant grows• forms outer bark •protective layer •water proofs the stem•not found in herbaceous plants
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure1. Structural tissue
• four types:A. Epidermal B. Cork
C. Parenchyma Found on the roots, stems
and leavesCarries out photosynthesisstores food
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure1. Structural tissue
• four types:A. Epidermal B. Cork C. Parenchyma
D. Support/strengthening tissue • fibers run through stems, roots
and veins of leaves• thick walled • walls remain after dead for
support
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure•Plants have three distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissue
2. Vascular tissue (transport)
•sap containing
•found in stems, roots and veins/petioles of leaves
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure•Plants have three distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissue2. Vascular tissue (transport)
Two types of vascular tissue:
A.xylem – transports water and minerals upwardB.phloem – transports food from the
leaves to other parts of plant
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure•Plants have three distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissue2. Vascular tissue
3. Meristem •function is for growth and repair•found in certain areas where growth
takes place•produces undifferentiated cells
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure•Plants have three distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissue2. Vascular tissue3. Meristem
Two types of meristem:A. Apical meristem promotes growth in height Found in buds and growing roots
Lesson 2.2 Internal leaf structure•Plants have three distinct tissue types:1. Structural tissue2. Vascular tissue3. Meristem
Two types of meristem:A. Apical meristem
B. Lateral meristem Promotes growth in widthTwo types:• vascular cambium – produces new
vascular tissue• cork cambium – produces new
cork tissue (bark area on tree)
Transpiration – loss of water vapor from leaves and stems
Three things that reduce transpiration are:
1. Cuticle – waxy covering on some leaves
2. Guard cells – open and close leaf pores (stomata)
3. Leaf hairs – hair-like structures which form from the epidermis and reduce transpiration by reducing wind speed across the leaf
Electron microscopepicture of leaf hairs
Leaf structures – cross section:1.Upper and Lower
epidermis protects and reduces water loss Like skin of plant cuticle on top ofepidermis
Leaf structures:1. Upper and Lower epidermis
2. Mesophyll middle portion of leaf
Two layers of mesophyll:Palisade – where most of photosynthesis takes placeSpongy -where gases and water are stored
Leaf structures:1. Upper and Lower epidermis 2. Mesophyll
3. Stomata – Stoma (singular)
• Tiny openings for gas exchange
• Protected on each side by guard cells
• Where water exits during transpiration
Stomata
Leaf structures:1. Upper and Lower epidermis 2. Mesophyll 3. Stomata
4. Guard cells• Open and close the
stomata
Leaf structures:1. Upper and Lower epidermis 2. Mesophyll 3. Stomata4. Guard cells
5. Veins Contain the sap Run through mesophyll
Venation Patterns
1. Palmate – veins radiate from a central point at the base of the leaf; like the palm of the hand. Ex. maple
Venation Patterns 1. Palmate
2.Pinnate – has one main vein with smaller ones branching off; Ex. oak
Venation Patterns 1. Palmate2. Pinnate
3. Parallel - veins run parallel for the length of the leaf, from the base.
Ex. Lily leaf
PLANT CELLSoCell – basic unit of all living things
PLANT CELLS
oAll cells are made up of 4 main elements: carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen
PLANT CELLS
These 4 main elements form major compounds of all living things:
carbohydrate lipids(fats/oils) proteins, and nucleic acid
The main parts of all cells:
1. Cell membrane
defines the cell and contains the cytoplasm and organelles within
Regulates what goes in and out of cell
The main parts of all cells:1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm - Jelly-like fluid where organelles and nucleus are suspended
The main parts of all cells:1.Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus Contains genetic
information (DNA) Controls cell activities Spherical shaped body near
center of the cell
The main parts of all cells:1.Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm3. Nucleus
4. Organelles
Tiny organ-like structures of the cell
See Handout
Cell parts only in plants:
1. Cell wall Made of cellulose Only plant cells have them not
animal cells Humans are not able to digest
cellulose, but is good bulk for diet
Cell parts only in plants:1. Cell wall
Cellulose strengthens but allows for flexibility in plants•Cellulose is important to many industries such as the paper industry
Cell parts only in plants:
1. Cell wall
•Some cell walls also have lignin adding more stiffness to the cell wall of woody stems.
Cell parts only in plants:
1. Cell wall
2. Chloroplast and chlorophyll
Chloroplast•Organelle containing chlorophyll•Most numerous in palisade mesophyll•Site of photosynthesis
Cell parts only in plants:
1. Cell wall2. Chloroplast and chlorophyll
Chlorophyll•Green pigment found in the chloroplast•Traps energy from sunlight•Important to photosynthesis
Cell parts only in plants:
1. Cell wall2.Chloroplast and chlorophyll
3. VacuolesoStorage of food and wateroUsually 1 or 2 large ones
Differences between plant and animal cells:
Plant AnimalRectangular shape round shape1 large vacuole many small Larger than animal smaller thancell plant cell