BIOLOGY HONORS: Carbon and Macromolecules Which of these major elements can make the most bonds? Which of these major elements can make most varied bond arrangements? Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons The answer is Carbon. Organic Means carbon based. All living things that we know of are carbon based. What are the types of VERY large molecules that you know of?? Hint you get most of them from your food Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Chains of Sugar molecules Used for quick energy Used for support structure within the cell Monosaccharide single sugar molecule Disaccharide two sugar molecules Polysaccharide many sugar molecules Starch plants store quick energy in this form Cellulose - makes up plant cell walls Glycogen animals store quick energy in this form Carbohydrates Sugar - monosaccharide, disaccharide Starch - polysaccharide Cellulose - polysaccharide Used for quick energy Used for support structure within the cell Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers Dehydration Synthesis Or Condensation Reaction Hydrolysis Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread Lipids Fats Oils Waxes Long term energy storage Insulation Protective Coatings Steroids Triglycerides Made of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains Saturated fats all single bonds Unsaturated fats one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain Steroids Several bonded carbon rings Types of Lipids Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones Proteins Made of amino acids Called polypeptides Muscular contraction Structural Support Enzymes Transport (hemoglobin) Antibodies Hormones Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides Stores the genetic information of the organism DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Involved in the formation of proteins - RNA Ribonucleic acid Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick