Biology - Hazleton Area High School...Title Biology Author ABC Created Date 4/24/2011 5:22:48 PM

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology

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28-1 Introduction to the

Arthropods

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28-1 Introduction to the Arthropods

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What Is an Arthropod?

What are the main features of

arthropods?

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Arthropods have a segmented body, a

tough exoskeleton, and jointed

appendages.

Arthropods include insects, crabs, centipedes,

and spiders.

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Arthropods are surrounded by a tough external

covering, or exoskeleton.

The exoskeleton is made from protein and chitin.

Chitin is a carbohydrate.

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All arthropods have jointed appendages.

Appendages are structures that extend from the

body wall.

Legs and antennae are appendages.

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Evolution of Arthropods

What are the important trends in

arthropod evolution?

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Evolution of

Arthropods

A typical primitive

arthropod was

composed of many

identical segments,

each carrying a pair of

appendages.

Fossilized Trilobites

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This early body plan was modified gradually.

Body segments were lost or fused over time.

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The evolution of arthropods has led to

fewer body segments and highly

specialized appendages for feeding,

movement, and other functions.

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Form and Function in

Arthropods

Form and Function in Arthropods

Arthropods use complex organ systems to carry

out different essential functions.

Organ systems are interrelated; the functioning of

one system depends on that of other systems.

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Arthropods

Feeding

Arthropods include herbivores, carnivores, and

omnivores. There are filter feeders, detritivores,

and parasites.

The mouthparts of arthropods are adapted to the

type of food the arthropod eats.

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Arthropods

Respiration

Most terrestrial

arthropods breathe

through a network of

branching tracheal

tubes that extend

throughout the

body.

Tracheal tubes

Tracheal tubes

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Arthropods

Air enters and leaves the

tracheal tubes through

spiracles, which are

small openings located

along the side of the

body.

Spiracles

Spiracles

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Arthropods

Other terrestrial

arthropods, such as

spiders, respire using

book lungs.

Book lungs are organs

that have layers of

respiratory tissue stacked

like pages of a book.

Spiracles

Airflow

Book lung

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Arthropods

Most aquatic arthropods, such as lobsters and crabs,

respire through featherlike gills.

Horseshoe crabs respire through book gills.

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Arthropods

Circulation

Arthropods have an

open circulatory

system.

The heart pumps blood

through arteries that

branch and enter the

tissues.

Heart

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Arthropods

Blood leaves the blood

vessels and moves

through sinuses, or

cavities.

Blood collects in a large

sinus surrounding the

heart and re-enters the

heart.

Heart

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Arthropods

Excretion

Most terrestrial arthropods dispose of nitrogenous

wastes using Malpighian tubules.

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Arthropods

Malpighian tubules

are saclike organs that

extract wastes from the

blood and then add

them to digestive

wastes.

Malpighian tubules

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Arthropods

In aquatic arthropods, diffusion moves wastes from

the body into the surrounding water.

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Arthropods

Response

Most arthropods have a

well-developed nervous

system.

All arthropods have a

brain.

Brain

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Arthropods

Two nerves connect

the brain to a ventral

nerve cord.

Nerve

cord

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Arthropods

Along this nerve cord are

several groups of nerve cells

called ganglia.

These ganglia coordinate the

movements of individual legs

and wings. Ganglia

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Arthropods

Most arthropods have

sophisticated sense

organs such as

compound eyes.

Compound eyes may

have more than 2000

separate lenses and can

detect color and motion

very well.

Compound eyes

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Arthropods

Movement

Arthropods move using well-developed groups of

muscles that are coordinated and controlled by the

nervous system.

Muscles generate force by contracting and then

pulling on the exoskeleton.

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Arthropods

At each body joint, different muscles either flex

(bend) or extend (straighten) the joint.

Flexed

Extended

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Arthropods

Reproduction

Terrestrial arthropods have internal fertilization.

In some species, males deposit sperm inside

females.

In other species, the males deposit a sperm packet

that is picked up by the females.

Aquatic arthropods may have internal or external

fertilization.

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Growth and Development

in Arthropods

What happens when an arthropod

outgrows its exoskeleton?

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in Arthropods

Growth and Development in Arthropods

When they outgrow their exoskeletons,

arthropods undergo periods of molting.

During molting, an arthropod sheds its entire

exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one

to take its place.

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in Arthropods

Molting is controlled by the arthropod's endocrine

system.

Most arthropods molt several times.

The arthropod is vulnerable to predators while its

shell is soft.

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in Arthropods

Skin glands digest the inner part of the exoskeleton,

and other glands secrete a new skeleton.

When the new exoskeleton is ready, the animal pulls

itself out of what remains of the original skeleton.

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28–1

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Resources/ch28_sectn01_quiz.qtb

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28–1

The mouthparts of arthropods are

a. similar in all species.

b. adapted to enable different species to eat

different foods.

c. adapted to enable different species to

respire in different ways.

d. useful for locomotion as well as feeding.

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28–1

Arthropods have open circulatory systems,

which means that blood

a. leaves the blood vessels, flows through

sinuses, and then returns to the heart.

b. flows from the heart directly into sinuses and

then returns to the heart.

c. never leaves the circulatory system.

d. vessels open to the external environment.

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28–1

Characteristics which define the arthropods

include

a. an endoskeleton made of chitin and jointed

appendages.

b. an endoskeleton made of chitin and six pairs

of appendages.

c. an exoskeleton made of chitin and jointed

appendages.

d. an exoskeleton made of chitin and

Malpighian tubules.

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28–1

What type(s) of fertilization do terrestrial

arthropods have?

a. internal

b. external

c. both internal and external

d. hermaphroditic

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28–1

What happens to the exoskeleton of an

arthropod as the animal grows?

a. It remains soft until the animal reaches

adulthood.

b. It develops additional body segments.

c. It softens and stretches to a larger size.

d. It is discarded and replaced by a new, larger

exoskeleton.

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Biology - Hazleton Area High School...Title Biology Author ABC Created Date 4/24/2011 5:22:48 PM

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Transcript of Biology - Hazleton Area High School...Title Biology Author ABC Created Date 4/24/2011 5:22:48 PM