BIOLOGY FORM 4

~PuT3R!~B.Sc.Ed. (Hons)

CONTENTS• CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Biology• CHAPTER 2 : Cell Structure and Cell Organisation• CHAPTER 3 : Movement of Substances Across

the Plasma Membrane• CHAPTER 4 : Chemical Composition of the cell• CHAPTER 5 : Cell Division• CHAPTER 6 : Nutrition• CHAPTER 7 : Respiration• CHAPTER 8 : Dynamic Ecosystem• CHAPTER 9 : Endanger Ecosystem

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Biology

• The word “Biology” comes from Greek words, ‘Bios’ meaning ‘Life’ and ‘Logos’ meaning ‘Knowledge’.

• Biology is the study of every aspect of life at a every level of its organisation

• Biology is the scientific study of life

Importance of Biology.

• Biology has enable us to understand heredity and the inheritance of genetic abnormalities that cause dieses.

• Many people use biology in their leisure activities, for example, gardening, fishing and cooking.

• Biology teaching us to empathise with living things and this generates awareness of ourselves as biological organisms.

• The fields of study in biology can also be classified according to their scope as follows:

1. Structure and Function Anatomy, Biochemistry, Cytology, Histology, morphology, physiology

2. Major groupings of organisms Bacteriology, Botany, Entomology, ichthyology, microbiology, Mycology, Ornithology, Taxonomy, Virology

3. Development of organisms Embryology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetic,

Developmental Biology

4. Organisms and their environment Ecology, Ethology, Biogeography

5. Applied BiologyAgriculture, Biotechnology, fisheries, Forestry, Medicine, veterinary medicine, density

Ways of studying BiologyThe Scientific Method

• The scientific method involves a series of ordered steps:

a) Make an observation

b) State the problem

c) Form of hypothesis

d) Identify the variables

e) Design and perform an experiment

f) Record and analyse data

g) State the conclusion