Biology Biological Communities · 2016. 7. 6. · Most organisms are adapted to live within a...
Transcript of Biology Biological Communities · 2016. 7. 6. · Most organisms are adapted to live within a...
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Name ____________________________________________________________ Period ______
Biology
Biological Communities
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Date Assignment Received Possible
Chapter 17 Vocabulary
Chapter 17 notes
Chapter 17 Questions
Active Reading/Quiz 17.1
Directed Reading/Quiz 17.2
Directed Reading/Quiz 17.3
Vocabulary Review
Science Skills Worksheet - Biomes
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Chapter 17: Biological Communities
Section 1: How Organisms Interact in Communities
1. coevolution
2. predation
3. parasitism
4. secondary compound (363)
5. symbiosis
6. mutualism
7. commensalism
Section 2: How Competition Shapes Communities
8. competition
9. niche
10. fundamental niche
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11. realized niche
12. competitive exclusion
13. biodiversity
Section 3: Major Biological Communities
14. climate
15. biome
16. littoral zone
17. limnetic zone
18. profundal zone
19. plankton
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Biological Communities Section 1 How Organisms Interact in Communities
Objectives
Describe coevolution.
Predict how coevolution can affect interactions between species.
Identify the distinguishing features of symbiotic relationships. Evolution in Communities
Interactions Among Species
Some ___________________ among species are the result of a long ________________
history in which many of the participants adjust to one another over time.
For example, natural selection has often led to a close match between the characteristics
of the flowers of a plant __________________ and its ___________________________.
_______________________________ evolutionary adjustments between interacting
members of an ecosystem are called ______________________________.
Predators and Prey Coevolve
_________________________ is the act of one organism killing another for food.
In ________________________ one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in
another, typically larger, organism.
Parasites do not usually ___________ their prey (known as the ―___________‖). Rather,
they depend on the host for _______________ and a place to ___________________.
Plant Defenses Against Herbivores
Plants protect themselves from herbivores is with _________________, _____________,
and ____________________.
Virtually all plants contain defensive _______________________ that discourage
herbivores called ___________________________________________.
Each group of plants makes its own special kind of ______________________ chemical.
How Herbivores Overcome Plant Defenses
Certain ____________________________ are able to feed on plants that are protected by
particular defensive chemicals.
For example, the ________________ of cabbage butterflies feed almost exclusively on
plants of the _____________________ and caper families, which are _______________
to many groups of insects.
Symbiotic Species
In _________________________ two or more species live together in a close, long-term
association.
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Symbiotic relationships can be _________________________ to both organisms or
benefit one organism and leave the other _________________ or __________________.
________________________ is one type of symbiotic relationship that is detrimental to
the host organism.
_______________________ is a symbiotic relationship in which both participating
species benefit.
A well-known instance of mutualism involves _____________ and _______________.
Ants provide __________________________ for the aphids. In return, the aphids
produce ______________________________, which the ants use as a food source.
A third form of symbiosis is ________________________________, a symbiotic
relationship in which one species __________________ and the other is _____________
harmed nor helped.
An example of commensalism is the relationships between certain small _____________
_____________________ and _____________________________.
These fishes live among and are ______________________ by the tentacles of the sea
anemones, even though these tentacles would quickly __________________ other fishes.
Section 2 How Competition Shapes Communities
Objectives
Describe the role of competition in shaping the nature of communities.
Distinguish between fundamental and realized niches.
Describe how competition affects an ecosystem.
Summarize the importance of biodiversity. Common Use of Scarce Resources and Competition
When two species use the same ___________________, they participate in a biological
interaction called _______________________________.
Resources for which species compete include _____________, ____________________,
living space, _______________, mineral nutrients, and ____________________.
Competition occurs for resources in _________________ supply.
The functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem is called its ______________.
A niche may be described in terms of ________________________________, ________
__________________________, temperature range, requirements for moisture or
__________________, and other factors.
A niche is often described in terms of how the organism affects ____________________
within the ecosystem in which it lives.
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Size of a Species’ Niche
The niche of a species is influenced by several _____________________.
These variables include the ________________________ it prefers, the time of year it
__________________, what it likes to ____________, and where it finds its food.
The entire range of resource _______________________ an organism is potentially able
to occupy within an ecosystem is its ________________________________________.
Dividing Resources Among Species
Many species occupy only a ___________________ of their fundamental niche.
For example, scientists have studied five species of ___________________, which had
very similar fundamental niches but did not use the same resources. Instead, they divided
the range of resources among them, each taking a different _______________________.
The part of its fundamental niche that a species occupies is called its ________________.
Competition and Limitations of Resource Use
A very clear case of competition was shown by experiments carried out in the early
1960s by Joseph Connell, who worked with two species of __________________ that
grow on the same rocks along the coast of ___________________________.
Connell’s experiments show that one _________________ occupies only a small portion
of its fundamental niche. The rest is unavailable because of ________________________
with a second species of barnacle.
Competition can ___________________ how species use resources.
G. F. Gause did experiments that showed that the outcome of competition depends on the
degree of _____________________ between the fundamental niches of the
_____________________________________________.
Gause hypothesized that if two species are _____________________, the species that
uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other in a process known
as _______________________________________________.
When Can Competitors Coexist?
When it is possible for two species to avoid competing, they may __________________.
In a revealing experiment, Gause challenged Paramecium caudatum—the defeated
species in his earlier experiments—with a third species, P. bursaria.
Both species __________________ in the culture tubes because, like MacArthur’s
warblers, the two species of Paramecium _____________________ the food resources.
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Predation and Competition
Many studies of natural _______________________ have demonstrated that
__________________ reduces the effects of _________________________.
Because predation can reduce _________________________, it can also promote
__________________________, the variety of living organisms present in a community.
Biodiversity is a measure of both the _________________ of different species in a
community (species richness) and the relative numbers of each of the _______________
(species diversity).
Biodiversity and Productivity
A key investigation carried out in the early 1990s by David Tilman of the University of
Minnesota illustrates the relationship between biodiversity and productivity.
Tilman found that the greater the number of species a plot of land had, the greater the
amount of plant material produced in that plot.
Tilman’s experiments clearly demonstrated that increased _________________________
leads to greater ______________________________.
Section 3: Major Biological Communities
Objectives:
Recognize the role of climate in determining the nature of a biological community.
Describe how elevation and latitude affect the distribution of biomes.
Summarize the key features of the Earth’s major biomes.
Compare features of plants and animals found in different biomes.
Compare and contrast the major freshwater and marine habitats. Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live
Climate –
Factors that determine a region’s climate:
Temperature and Moisture
Most organisms are adapted to live within a particular range of temperatures and will not
thrive if temperatures are colder or warmer.
All organisms require water. On land, water is sometimes scarce, so patterns of rainfall
often determine an area’s life-forms.
Major Biological Communities
Biome –
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Match the biome to its description.
_____ 1. Polar ice A. Moderate precipitation and mild temperatures
_____ 2. Tundra B. Good amount of precipitation & mild temperatures
_____ 3. Taiga C. Characterized by an ice pack for the majority of the year
_____ 4. Mountain zones D. Large amounts of rain and warm temperatures
_____ 5. Temperate forest E. Warm temperature but low precipitation
_____ 6. Tropical forest F. Very little precipitation & extremely cold temperatures
_____ 7. Temperate grassland G. Almost no precipitation and very warm temperatures
_____ 8. Savanna H. Low precipitation and long winters
_____ 9. Desert or semi-desert I. High altitude and cooler climate
Aquatic Communities:
Freshwater Communities
Ponds and lakes have three zones in which organisms live.
1. Littoral zone –
2. Limnetic zone –
3. Profundal zone –
Wetlands typically are covered with a variety of hydrophytes –
Marine Biomes
Intertidal zone –
Neritic zone –
Oceanic zone –
Benthic zone –
Plankton –
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Chapter 17 Section 1 (Answers on pages 362-364)
1. What are the most important members of an ecosystem?
2. Explain how coevolution occurs using flowering plants & pollinators. (3 pts)
3. Give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationships.
a. Parasitism ________________________________________________________________
b. Mutualism ________________________________________________________________
c. Commensalism ____________________________________________________________
4. In your own words, describe each of the following symbiotic relationships.
a. Parasitism ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. Mutualism ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. Commensalism ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. How have plants evolved to protect themselves from herbivores?
a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________
6. What toxin does poison ivy produce that protects the plant from herbivores?
Chapter 17 Section 2 (pages 365-370)
1. List 2 resources for which organisms compete.
a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________
2. In what 2 niches do you fit?
a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
3. Tilapias are mainly freshwater fish, including shallow streams, ponds, rivers and lakes. Unlike
carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of
tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that
accumulate at higher levels of the food chain and makes tilapia the preferred ―aquatic
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chickens‖ of the trade.
a. What is the tilapia’s niche? ___________________________________________________
b. What is the tilapia’s habitat? __________________________________________________
4. Look at the graphs on page 369.
a. What species was driven to extinction when competition occurs?
b. What 2 species can live together when they use different resources?
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 7 Biological Communities
Section: How Organisms Interact in CommunitiesRead the passage below. Then answer the questions that follow.
In symbiosis, two or more species live together in a close, long-
term association. Symbiotic relationships can be beneficial to
both organisms or may benefit one organism and leave the other
harmed or unaffected. Parasitism is one type of symbiotic rela-
tionship that is detrimental to, or harms, the host organism. In this
relationship, one organism feeds on and usually lives in another,
typically larger, organism. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship
in which both participating species benefit. A well-known instance
of mutualism involves ants and aphids. The ants feed on fluid the
aphids secrete, and in exchange, the ants protect the aphids from
insect predators. A third form of symbiosis is commensalism, a
symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other
is neither harmed nor helped. Among the best-known examples
of commensalism are the feeding and protection relationships
between certain small tropical fishes and sea anemones, marine
animals that have stinging tentacles.
SKILL: READING EFFECTIVELY
Write P if the phrase describes parasitism, M if it describes mutualism, or C if it
describes commensalism. For each question, some choices may be used more
than once.
______ 1. exists between certain tropical fish and sea anemones
______ 2. type of symbiotic relationship
______ 3. the host organism is harmed
______ 4. one species is neither harmed nor helped
______ 5. at least one species benefits
In the space provided, write the letter of the phrase that best completes the
statement.
______ 6. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which a. both species are harmed.b. neither species benefits.c. one species is harmed.d. both species benefit.
Name Class Date
Active ReadingSkills Worksheet
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 25 Biological Communities
Section: How Organisms Interact in CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______ 1. An adaptation in flowers and plants that promotes the efficient dispersalof pollen by insects and other animals may have arisen through
a. predation. c. coevolution.b. commensalism. d. parasitism.
______ 2. In parasitism, the hosta. is killed by the parasite. c. is benefited by the parasite.b. usually kills the parasite. d. often transmits the parasite’s
offspring to new hosts.
______ 3. Plants often produce secondary compounds that protect them froma. predation. c. mustard oils.b. parasitism. d. symbiotic relationships.
______ 4. How are the larvae of cabbage butterflies able to feed on plants thathave defensive chemicals?
a. They feed on other plants that counter the effects of the defensivechemicals.
b. They have adaptations that break down the secondary compoundsof the plant.
c. The larvae can only feed on the plants at certain times of the year.d. None of the above
______ 5. Which pair of organisms exists in a commensal relationship?a. bear and fish c. clown fish and sea anemoneb. ant and aphid d. dog and flea
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 6. coevolution
______ 7. predation
______ 8. parasitism
______ 9. mutualism
______10. commensalism
Name Class Date
QuizAssessment
a. a symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
b. one organism feeds on and usually lives on or inanother larger organism
c. evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an ecosystem
d. the act of one organism killing and eating another for food
e. a symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit
Chapter 17 Section 1 pages 362-364
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 3 Biological Communities
Section: How Competition Shapes CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 1. competition
______ 2. niche
______ 3. fundamental niche
______ 4. realized niche
______ 5. competitive exclusion
______ 6. biodiversity
______ 7. species richness
______ 8. species diversity
______ 9. productivity
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
10. What are the different niches of Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides?
11. What happened in Connell’s experiment with Chthamalus stellatus andSemibalanus balanoides?
Name Class Date
Directed ReadingSkills Worksheet
a. the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem
b. the entire range of conditions an organism is potentially able to occupy
c. biological interaction in which two species use the same resources
d. the part of a fundamental niche that a species actually occupies
e. the variety of living organisms living in a community
f. the relative numbers of each of the species living in a community
g. the amount of plant material produced in a plot of land
h. elimination of a competitive species
i. the number of different species in a community
Chapter 17 Section 2 pages 365-370
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 27 Biological Communities
Section: How Competition Shapes CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______ 1. An organism’s niche includesa. what it eats. c. how it reproduces.b. where it eats. d. All of the above
______ 2. When two species compete for limited resources, competitive exclu-sion
a. is sure to take place.b. is not possible.c. will take place unless the species divide or find different resources.d. will cause both species to become extinct.
______ 3. Chthamalus stellatus can live in both shallow water and deep wateron a rocky coast. This is the barnacle’s
a. fundamental niche. c. community.b. realized niche. d. habitat.
______ 4. What is the principle that enables five species of warbler to feed in thesame tree without competing?
a. commensalism c. mutualismb. resource partitioning d. competitive exclusion
______ 5. Higher productivity, a more stable ecosystem, and reduced competi-tion are all benefits of
a. a high biodiversity. c. a high rate of predation.b. a low rate of predation. d. a low biodiversity
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 6. competition
______ 7. realized niche
______ 8. fundamental niche
______ 9. competitive exclusion
______10. biodiversity
Name Class Date
QuizAssessment
a. the entire range of resources in an ecosystemthat an organism can potentially occupy
b. the biological interaction that occurs when two species use the same resource
c. the variety of living organisms present in acommunity
d. the part of its niche that a species actuallyoccupies
e. the elimination of a species due to competition
Chapter 17 Section 2 pages 365-370
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Section: Major Biological CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 1. tropical rain forests
______ 2. deserts
______ 3. savannas
______ 4. temperate deciduous forests
______ 5. temperate grasslands
______ 6. taiga
______ 7. tundra
Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided.
8. The prevailing weather conditions in any given area is called
.
9. The growing season of plants is primarily influenced by .
10. The moisture-holding ability of air when it is
warmed and when it is cooled.
11. A major biological community that occurs over a large area of land is called
a(n) .
12. In general, temperature and moisture as distance
from the equator .
13. The shallow area of ponds and lakes, near the shore, is called the
.
14. The of lakes and ponds
is away from the shore but close to the surface.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 5 Biological Communities
Name Class Date
Directed ReadingSkills Worksheet
a. water is unavailable for most of theyear because it is frozen
b. northern forests of coniferous trees
c. warm summers, cold winters, andsufficient precipitation
d. another name for prairie; containsdeep and fertile soil
e. has the greatest number of species;has a very infertile soil
f. landscape has widely spaced trees;seasonal drought
g. vegetation is very sparse
Chapter 17 Section 3 pages 371-378
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 29 Biological Communities
Section: Major Biological CommunitiesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______ 1. Deserts and tundra have similara. climates. c. annual rainfalls.b. animal inhabitants. d. latitudes.
______ 2. The dry grasslands in tropical areas make up the biome calleda. taiga. c. desert.b. tundra. d. savanna.
______ 3. Forty percent of all photosynthesis on Earth is accomplished bya. photosynthetic plants. c. fish larvae.b. fungi. d. photosynthetic plankton.
______ 4. One of the most important elements of climate is which of the following?
a. temperature c. latitudeb. elevation d. biome
______ 5. Foxes, lemmings, owls, and caribou are among the vertebrate inhabitants of the
a. taiga.b. tundra.c. intertidal zone.d. desert.
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 6. climate
______ 7. biome
______ 8. profundal zone
______ 9. limnetic zone
______10. plankton
Name Class Date
QuizAssessment
a. area of fresh water that is far from shore but close to the surface
b. food for some marine organisms that is composed of bacteria, algae, fish larvae, and many small
invertebrates
c. a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land
d. freshwater zone in deep water below the limits of light penetration
e. determines what kind of organisms live in a given environment
Chapter 17 Section 3 pages 371-378
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 13 Biological Communities
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 1. coevolution
______ 2. predation
______ 3. parasitism
______ 4. secondary compound
______ 5. symbiosis
____ 6. mutualism
______ 7. commensalism
____ 8. competition
____ 9. niche
____10. fundamental niche
____11. realized niche
______12. competitive exclusion
______13. biodiversity
Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided.
14. The prevailing weather conditions in any given area are called
the .
15. A(n) is a major biological community that occursover a large area of land.
16. The is a shallow zonenear the shore.
Name Class Date
Vocabulary ReviewSkills Worksheet
a. defensive chemical used by plants
b. a relationship in which both participating species benefit
c. the entire range of conditions an organism is potentially able to occupy
d. when two species use the same resource
e. back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an
ecosystem
f. two or more species living together in a close, long-term relationship
g. the fundamental role of a species in an ecosystem
h. one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another larger organism
i. the elimination of a competing species
j. the part of its fundamental niche that a species occupies
k. a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed
nor helped
l. the variety of living organisms in a community
m. the act of one organism feeding on another
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Biology 14 Biological Communities
Name Class Date
Vocabulary Review continued
17. The is away from theshore but close to the surface.
18. The is a deep-waterzone below the limits of effective light penetration.
19. Small organisms that drift in the upper waters of the ocean are called
.
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Science: Biology 37 Science Skills Worksheets
Name Class Date
BiomesSkills Worksheet
INTERPRETING TABLES
Use the table below to answer questions 1 and 3.
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. Which two biomes have the least amount of annual precipitation?
Average Yearly AverageTemperature Yearly
Biome Range Precipitation Soil Vegetation
Tundra
Taiga
Temperate
Forest
Tropical
Forest
Temperate
Grassland
Savanna
Chaparral
Desert
226°C to 12°C
210°C to 14°C
6°C to 28°C
20°C to 34°C
0°C to 25°C
16°C to 34°C
10°C to 18°C
7°C to 38°C
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Science: Biology 38 Science Skills Worksheets
Name Class Date
Biomes continued
2. What is the relationship between the annual precipitation of these biomes and the vegetation they can support?
3. How are the temperature and available moisture of a biome related to thebiome’s distance from the equator?
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matcliTypewritten TextAddition to Skills Worksheet: Biomes1. Which biome has the highest nutrient level in the soil? _____________________________________2. In temperate grasslands why does the grass grow tall in some areas but short in other places?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Which biome is known for coniferous trees? _____________________________________________ Where else can coniferous trees be found? _______________________________________________ *Give an example of a coniferous tree: __________________________________________________4. Which biome has the greatest temperature range? _________________________________________5. Which biome has the greatest amount of precipitation per year? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________6. Which biome has the most acidic soil? __________________________________________________7. Which biome has rocky topsoil? _______________________________________________________8. Which biomes have broad-leaved trees? _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________9. Which biome has dwarf-sized plants? __________________________________________________ Why are plants dwarf-sized in this biome? (THINK about it!) ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________10. Which biome has the second highest average yearly precipitation? ___________________________11. List the biomes with thin topsoil: _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________12. List the biomes with low nutrient levels in the soil: _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________13. Is there a link between thin topsoil and low nutrient levels? Explain your answer below. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
matcliTypewritten Text
Ch 17 WorkbookAR-quiz 17-1AR 17-1Quiz 17-1
DR-Quiz 17-2DR 17-2Quiz 17-2
DR-Quiz 17-3DR 17-3Quiz 17-3
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