Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System.
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Transcript of Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System.
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Biology 250:Human Anatomy
Spring 2005
Cardiovascular System
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Cardiovascular Overview
• Heart: pumps blood throughout the body– Involuntary striated muscle
• Arteries: carries blood away from the heart– Carries oxygenated blood to body
• Veins: carries blood to the heart– Carries de-oxygenated blood to the heart
• Capillaries: connect arteries, veins
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Heart
• Usually the size of a fist
• Weighs between 250-350 grams (< 1 lb)
• Sits with the mediastinum– Medial cavity of the thorax
• Base: broad, flat– Directed toward the right shoulder
• Apex: pointed end of heart– Points inferiorly toward the left hip
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Coverings of the Heart
Pericardium
• Double-walled sac enclosing the heart
• Dense Connective Tissue
• Purposes of Pericardium:
1. Protection
2. Anchors heart to surrounding structure
3. Prevents overfilling of heart
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Layers of Heart Wall
3 Layers of Heart Wall
1. Epicardium• Superficial Layer; usually filled with fat
2. Myocardium• Middle Layer; composed of cardiac muscle
3. Endocardium• Deepest Layer; Squamous Epithelium
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Heart Chambers
4 Chambers of the Heart:
• 2 Superior Chambers– Right Atrium, Left Atrium– Relatively thin heart wall
• 2 Inferior Chambers– Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle– Thick heart wall (produces strong contraction)
• Interatrial/ventricular septum
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Right Atrium
• Superior/Right Chamber of Heart
• De-Oxygenated Blood From Body
• 3 Major Veins:1. Superior Vena Cava– Blood from superior portion of body
2. Inferior Vena Cava– Blood from inferior portion of body
3. Coronary Sinus– Blood from the heart itself
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Right Ventricle
• Inferior/Right Chamber of Heart• De-Oxygenated Blood from Right Atrium• Relatively thick heart wall• 2 Major Arteries:
1. Left Pulmonary Artery • De-oxygenated blood to left lung
2. Right Pulmonary Artery• De-oxygenated blood to right lung
• ONLY arteries with de-oxygenated blood
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Left Atrium
• Superior/Left Chamber of Heart
• Oxygenated Blood From Lungs
• 2 Major Veins:
1. Right Pulmonary Vein• Oxygenated blood from right lung
2. Left Pulmonary Vein• Oxygenated blood from left lung
• ONLY veins with oxygenated blood
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Left Ventricle
• Inferior/Left Chamber of Heart
• Oxygenated blood from Left Atrium
• Thick Heart Wall
• Pumps blood through major artery:– Aorta: branches into all other arteries of body
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Coronary Arteries
• Arteries which supply the heart• Major Coronary Arteries1. Left Coronary Artery2. Anterior Interventricular Artery3. Circumflex Artery4. Right Coronary Artery5. Marginal Artery6. Posterior Interventricular Artery• CABG
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Heart Valves
• Separate the chambers of the heart
• Prevent back-flow of blood
• Atrioventricular Valves (AV)– Separate the atrium from the ventricles
1. Right AV Valve (Tricuspid Valve)
2. Left AV Valve (Bicuspid or Mitral)– Contain Chordae Tendineae
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Heart Valves (Cont.)
• Semilunar Valves (SL)– Resemble half moons
1. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve– Prevents back-flow from Pulmonary Arteries into
Right Ventricle
2. Aortic Semilunar Valve– Prevents back-flow from Aorta into Left Ventricle
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Common Valve Deficiencies
• Incompetent Valve– “Leaky” Valve; does not close properly
• Valvular Stenosis– “Stiff” Valve; does not open properly
• “Heart Murmur”
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Blood Flow Through Heart
• Blood enters R Atrium from:1. Superior Vena Cava2. Inferior Vena Cava3. Coronary Sinus
• Travels from R Atrium to R Ventricle:– Tricuspid Valve is open
• Travels from R Ventricle to Lungs– Pulmonary Semilunar Valve open– R Pulmonary, L Pulmonary Arteries
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Blood Flow Through Heart (Cont.)
• Travels from Lungs to L Atrium via:– R Pulmonary, L Pulmonary Veins
• Travels from L Atrium to L Ventricle– Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve is open
• Travels from L Ventricle to Aorta– Aortic Semilunar Valve is open
• Travels from Aorta to rest of body
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Cardiac Cycle
• Systole– Period of ventricular contraction
• Diastole– Period of ventricular relaxation– Ventricles receive blood from atria
• Heart Sounds– “Lub-Dub”– 1st sound: closing of AV Valves (Systole)– 2nd sound: closing of Semilunar Valves (Diastole)
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Cardiac Output
• Heart Rate– Number of heart beats per minute
• Stroke Volume– Volume of blood pumped with each beat
• Cardiac Output– Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle
per l minute– Calculated by heart rate x stroke volume
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Common Heart Dysfunctions
• Tacycardia: more than 100 beats/minute
• Bradycardia: less than 60 beats/minute
• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)– Back-up of blood; inadequate pumping– Peripheral Congestion– Pulmonary Congestion
• Myocardial Infarction (MI)– Heart Attack; myocardium dies
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Blood Vessels
• 3 Major Blood Vessels:
1. Arteries• Carry blood away from the heart
2. Veins• Return blood to the heart
3. Capillaries• Actual site of nutrient, waste exchange
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Blood Vessel Structure
• 3 Layers of Walls (Tunics):
1. Tunica Interna (Tunica Intima)• Innermost layer of the blood vessel
2. Tunica Media• Middle layer of blood vessel
3. Tunica Externa (Tunica Adventitia)• Outtermost layer of blood vessel
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Blood Vessel Structure (Cont.)
• Lumen– Central canal of the blood vessel
• Portion where the blood actually flows
• Vasoconstriction– Reduction of the size (diameter) of the lumen
• Vasodilation– Increase of the size (diameter) of the lumen
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Arterial System
• 3 Types of Arteries:1. Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
– Large arteries close to the heart– Large lumen, low resistance
2. Muscular (Distributing) Arteries– Deliver blood to specific body organs– Composed of mainly tunica media
3. Arterioles– Smallest of arteries; interact with capillaries
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Capillaries
• 3 Types of Capillaries:
1. Continuous Capillaries• Abundant in skin and muscles
2. Fenestrated Capillaries• Found where filtration, absorption are
required
3. Sinsusoidal Capillaries• Very leaky, found in liver, bone marrow
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Venous System
• Venules– Smallest veins; interact with capillaries– Join together to form veins
• Veins– Contain very large lumens– Contains virtually no smooth muscle– Venous Valves
• Varicose Veins• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
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Pulse / Blood Pressure
• Pulse: expansion of arteries w/ each beat– Pressure Points
• Blood Pressure– Systolic: 1st number (100-140mm Hg)– Diastolic: 2nd number (75-80mm Hg)– Hypotension: systolic BP < 100mm Hg– Hypertension: systolic BP > 140mm Hg
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Major Arteries
• Upper Body
1. Carotid Artery
2. Vertebral Artery
3. Aorta
4. Brachial Artery
5. Radial Artery
6. Ulnar Artery
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Major Arteries (Cont.)
• Lower Body1. Abdominal Aorta2. Iliac Artery3. Femoral Artery4. Popliteal Artery5. Anterior Tibial Artery6. Posterior Tibial Artery7. Dorsalis Pedis Artery
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