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Transcript of Biological Rhythms a. types of biological rhythms b. neurohormones Sleep a. functions of sleep b....
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Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
![Page 3: Biological Rhythms a. types of biological rhythms b. neurohormones Sleep a. functions of sleep b. measuring sleep c. dreaming d. neural mechanisms e.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cd65503460f9499d602/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
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Biological rhythms
1. Circannual
2. Infradian
3. Circadian (Latin: Circa = “around”, dian = “day”)
– Zeitgeber: “time giver”– Entrainment: alignment of rhythm with external cues
e.g., suprachiasmatic nucleus and sunlight
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Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
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Biological Clocks
– Suprachiasmatic nucleus• A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm responsible for
organizing circadian rhythms.
– Pineal gland• A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and
plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
– Part of hypothalamus– Damage disrupts rhythm.
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Retinohypothalamic pathway
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Pineal Gland
– Rene Decartes Treatise of man (1640)- “principal seat of the rational soul”
– releases melatonin (at night)– melatonin is derived from
serotonin
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Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
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Functions of sleep
• Universal phenomenon among vertebrates.• Only warm-blooded vertebrates (mammals and birds) exhibit
REM sleep.• Essential to survival.• Improves memory.• Conserve energy resources.• Recuperate physically.
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Sleep Deprivation
• Restorative effects of sleep appear to be more important for brain than rest of body.
• Deprivation does not appear to interfere with ability to perform physical exercise.
• Cognitive abilities can affected by sleep deprivation.• Brain rests during slow-wave sleep.• Mental activity during the day increases slow-wave
sleep at night.
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Rebound phenomenon
• REM sleep increases after a period of REM sleep deprivation.
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Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
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EEG
1. Frequency of the wave (n of peaks/unit time)– tells you about the number of cortical
neurons generating EPSPs
2. Amplitude of the wave (height of wave)– tells us about the n of EPSPs that occur at the same
point in time– n of neurons firing in synchrony
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– Alpha activity• A smooth electrical activity of 8–12 Hz recorded from
the brain; associated with relaxation.
– Beta activity• Irregular electrical activity of 13–30 Hz recorded from
the brain; associated with arousal.
– Theta activity• EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of
slow-wave and REM sleep.
– Delta activity• Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than
4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during deep sleep.
EEG Wave Types
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– REM sleep• Desynchronized EEG activity during sleep; associated with
dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis.
– Non-REM sleep• All stages of sleep except REM sleep.
– Slow-wave sleep• Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity
during deeper stages.
Stages of Sleep
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.
25
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Characteristics of REM sleep
• low amplitude, high frequency desynchronous EEG• rapid eye movement (REM)• lower species show more REM sleep, as do human infants• narrative dreams • muscle atonia
– motor cortex active but descending motor pathways paralyzed
• penile erections and vaginal secretions• deepest stage?
– incorporate things into our dreams– more likely to spontaneously awaken
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Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
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Sigmund Freud (1900) Interpretation of Dreams
water = birthflying = sexual arousalknifes, swords = castration anxietymud = fecescave, hallway = mother
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– Freud• Repressed memories and expression of libido.
– Activation synthesis theory• Sensory experiences are fabricated by the cortex as a means
of interpreting signals from the PGO activity.
– Continual activation theory• Encoding of short term procedural memories into long-term
memories.
Dream theories
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Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
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Sleep is not a passive process
Cerveau isole • mesencephalon transection• continuous sleep
Encephale isole• brainstem transection• permanent insomnia
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Sleep/Waking “Flip-Flop”
vlPOA= ventrolateral preoptic areaACh = acetylcholineNE = norepinephrine5-HT = serotonin
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Ventrolateral Preoptic Area
GABA neurons• Activation promotes sleep.• Destruction results in total insomnia.
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Locus Coeruleus
Norepinephrine neurons• Located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the
fourth ventricle.• Involved in arousal and vigilance. • Decreased activity during sleep (both slow-wave and REM)
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Locus coeruleus
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– Acetylcholine• Cholinergic neurons located in the pons and basal forebrain produce
activation and cortical desynchrony.
– Serotonin (5-HT)• Appears to play a role in activating behavior.
– Histamine• Neurotransmitter that increases wakefulness and arousal; found in
tuberomammillary nucleus of hypothalamus, just rostral to mammillary bodies.
– Hypocretin (orexin)• A peptide produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the
hypothalamus and project to arousal mechanisms; destruction causes narcolepsy.
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Neural control of REM sleep
– PGO wave (pontine, geniculate, occipital):• Bursts of phasic electrical activity originating in the pons,
followed by activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex.
– Peribrachial area• The region in the pons; contains acetylcholinergic neurons
involved in the initiation of REM sleep.
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IC = inferior colliculusPPT = pedunculopontine tegmental n.LDT = lateral dorsal tegmentum
Peribrachial area
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Biological Rhythmsa. types of biological rhythmsb. neurohormones
Sleepa. functions of sleepb. measuring sleep
c. dreamingd. neural mechanismse. sleep disorders
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Sleep Disorders– Insomnia
• Affect approximately 25% of the population• No single definition of insomnia• May be a symptom of physical ailment.
– Sleep apnea• Cessation of breathing while sleeping. • Can be mediated centrally or locally (obstructive). • May play a role in sudden infant death syndrome.
– Narcolepsy• Disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks
of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.• Treat with stimulant medications.
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– Cataplexy• Paralysis during waking.
– Sleep paralysis• Paralysis just before a person falls asleep.
– Hypnagogic hallucination• Vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep;
accompanied by sleep paralysis.
– Nocturnal enuresis• Bedwetting
– Somnambulism• Sleepwalking
– Pavor nocturnus• Night terrors
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Insomnia vs. Sleep Deprivation• 27-year-old clinical psychologist on internship• Gets up at 6:30 AM• Works and mothers all day• Goes to bed about midnight• She gets about 6.5 hr sleep per night
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Insomnia vs. Sleep Deprivation• 58-year-old woman, who is married and whose
husband has retired• Gets up at 8:30 AM• Goes to church, reads, plays bridge• Goes to bed about 10:00 PM
-sleeps until 1:30 AM
-is “up and down” rest of night
-finally gets out of bed around 8:30 AM
• She gets about 6.5 hr sleep per night
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Insomnia vs. Sleep Deprivation• Insomnia assumes adequate opportunity to sleep.
• Sleep Deprivation
-adequate ability to sleep
-inadequate opportunity
-generally sleepy, at risk for accidents
• Insomnia
-inadequate ability to sleep
-adequate opportunity
-generally not sleepy, though may report fatigue
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Definitions of Insomnia • Difficulty falling asleep• Difficulty maintaining sleep• Waking up too early• Nonrestorative or poor-quality sleep• May have daytime impact
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Insomniaprimary cause - sleep medications
- develop tolerance; REM rebound- we are poor estimators of how much sleep we get.
treatments- Medications in short term- CBT in long term
• 8-10 wks to change poor habits and beliefs• sleep restriction, stimulus control, relaxation
techniques, and education.• unfortunately, takes time and few practitioners
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Medications• Use of hypnotics increased 60% from 2000 to
2006, at a cost of $45 billion per year.
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FDA-Approved Medications• Benzodiazepines
– estazolam (Prosom)– flurazepam (Dalmane)– quazepam (Doral)– temazepam (Restoril)– triazolam (Halcion)
• Benzodiazepine Agonists – eszopiclone (Lunesta)– zaleplon (Sonata)– zolpidem (Ambien)
• Melatonin Agonists – ramelteon (Rozerem)
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