Biological Lo 2011

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Unit 1Unit 1

Standard and HigherStandard and Higher



The biological approach p38The biological approach p38--6060 NatureNature

Nature side of the nature/ nurture debateNature side of the nature/ nurture debate

ScientificScientific

Only researches biological activityOnly researches biological activity

Came from medicineCame from medicine

Is the cause/ philosophy behind modernIs the cause/ philosophy behind modernpsychiatrypsychiatry

Genetics are important Genetics are important

and how the brain works is important too and how the brain works is important too



NW Unit 6 2007 KED 3

Debates within psychologyDebates within psychology

Nature/ nurtureNature/ nurture Discuss the nature/ nurture debateDiscuss the nature/ nurture debate

within psychology within psychology

Gross p 732Gross p 732-- 742742 NativistsNativists. Knowledge is innate. Knowledge is innate

Empiricists. Knowledge is due to learning &Empiricists. Knowledge is due to learning &experienceexperience

Causes ofCauses of behaviourbehaviour NatureNature-- genes,genes, neurochemicalneurochemical & hormonal& hormonal

factors, brain activityfactors, brain activity

NurtureNurture-- born blank, learning fromborn blank, learning fromenvironment environment



History of History of BLoABLoA Scientific approach:Scientific approach:

Key assumption that all behaviour can beKey assumption that all behaviour can be

reduced down to biological functioningreduced down to biological functioning

& used reductionist research methods e.g.& used reductionist research methods e.g.LabLab expt expt, correlations (twin/family studies), correlations (twin/family studies)

Also uses features of science: Also uses features of science: Control, prediction, replication, manipulationControl, prediction, replication, manipulation

of variables (need to link to research methodsof variables (need to link to research methodsi.e. Labi.e. Lab expt expt, correlations and how they do, correlations and how they do

thisthis-- briefly).briefly).



BLoABLoA History of ......History of ...... Scientific discoveriesScientific discoveries

E.g.E.g. BrocaBroca

Hypothesised that the function of language is in theHypothesised that the function of language is in theanterior lobes.anterior lobes.

& that the left hemisphere develops quicker than the& that the left hemisphere develops quicker than theright right-- this why it is more advancedthis why it is more advanced

Also hypothesised that b/c womens brain are Also hypothesised that b/c womens brain arelighter... That they are less intelligent then menlighter... That they are less intelligent then men

This was widelyThis was widely accepetedaccepeted

The biological approach today, however, hasThe biological approach today, however, has

evidence against this claimevidence against this claim



BLoABLoA history of history of Diagnosis and treatment of mentalDiagnosis and treatment of mental

illnessillness

Medical model of abnormalityMedical model of abnormality

All abnormal behaviour has a biological All abnormal behaviour has a biologicalcausecause

E.g. Functioning of E.g. Functioning of neurotansmittersneurotansmitters,,hormonalhormonal transmissontransmisson, genetic, geneticinfluences, brain and itsinfluences, brain and its funtioningfuntioning



History of History of BLoABLoA Medical model continued.........................Medical model continued.........................

E.g. Anorexia is caused byE.g. Anorexia is caused by damage todamage to

hypothalamushypothalamus may result in loss appetitemay result in loss appetite Or genesOr genes

SzSz caused by excesscaused by excess dopmainedopmaine

This means that psychological symptoms are treatedThis means that psychological symptoms are treated

physicallyphysically E.g. historyE.g. history labotaomylabotaomy

Now more humane drug therapyNow more humane drug therapy

Or less humane ECTOr less humane ECT



General learning outcome 1General learning outcome 1 Outline principles that define theOutline principles that define the BLoABLoA

Command term 1Command term 1



General learning outcome 2General learning outcome 2 Explain how principles that define theExplain how principles that define the

biological level of analysis may bebiological level of analysis may be

demonstrated in researchdemonstrated in research




PriniciplePriniciple 11 Cognitions,Cognitions,

emotions, andemotions, and

behaviours arebehaviours areproducts of ourproducts of ouranatomy andanatomy andphysiology or ourphysiology or our

nervous system andnervous system andendocrine systemendocrine system



Communications in theCommunications in the

nervous system (principle 1)nervous system (principle 1) Neurons:Neurons:

..a nerve is a bundle of neurons..a nerve is a bundle of neurons

Chemical transmission:Chemical transmission:

..occurs at the synapses..occurs at the synapses

Synapses:Synapses:

.. release neurotransmitters.. release neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter:Neurotransmitter:

.. can be.. can be excitoryexcitory or inhibitoryor inhibitory



Principle 1Principle 1

CommonCommonneurotransmittersneurotransmittersare dopamine,are dopamine,serotonin,serotonin,adrenaline, GABAadrenaline, GABA

Nervous systemNervous systemaffects behaviour byaffects behaviour bysecreting hormonessecreting hormones

E.g. i.e. releasedE.g. i.e. released

during stressduring stress



Principle 1Principle 1

For exampleFor example Fava et al (89)Fava et al (89)

Found changesFound changes

in serotonin &in serotonin &noradrenalin innoradrenalin inanorexicsanorexics



PriniciplePriniciple 2:2:

2. patterns of behaviour can be inherited 2. patterns of behaviour can be inherited

GenesGenes

.. are found on.. are found on

chromosomeschromosomes

If you inherit If you inherit physical featuresphysical featuresfrom parents, youfrom parents, youmust also inherit must also inherit psychologicalpsychological



Assumption 2 cont. Assumption 2 cont.

Assumed we inherit psychological problems Assumed we inherit psychological problems

E.g. p 7 Heston (66) study of genetics andE.g. p 7 Heston (66) study of genetics andschizophreniaschizophrenia

Genetics strongly linked with bipolar depressionGenetics strongly linked with bipolar depression

Evolutionary theoryEvolutionary theory

.common phobias have a genetic basis, as they.common phobias have a genetic basis, as theywere the things that harmed us years agowere the things that harmed us years ago

& evolutionary theory of sleep & evolutionary theory of sleep



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 16

Holland et al (88)Holland et al (88) Aim: Are MZ pairs more likely Aim: Are MZ pairs more likely

to develop anorexia?to develop anorexia?

N = 34 twinsN = 34 twins

1 of the pair had anorexia1 of the pair had anorexia

Method: natural experiment Method: natural experiment

Procedure: genetic relatednessProcedure: genetic relatednessby blood group analysis orby blood group analysis orphysical resemblancephysical resemblancequestionnairesquestionnaires

Findings: MZ: 56% DZ: 7%Findings: MZ: 56% DZ: 7%

Conclusion: Could be geneticConclusion: Could be genetic

vulnerability for psychiatricvulnerability for psychiatricillnessesillnesses



General learning outcome 3General learning outcome 3 Discuss how and why particularDiscuss how and why particular

research methods are used in theresearch methods are used in the

biologicalbiological LoALoA..




PsychosurgeryPsychosurgeryLesioningLesioning Invasive (involves invadingInvasive (involves invading

the brain)the brain)

Cutting connections inCutting connections inbrainbrain

This destroys a function of This destroys a function of the brainthe brain

Changes in behaviour areChanges in behaviour arerecordedrecorded

Normally performed onNormally performed onnonnon-- humanshumans

E.g. study conductedE.g. study conductedwhere parts of where parts of hypothalamus werehypothalamus were

removedremoved-- let to rats eatinglet to rats eatingmoremore



Ablations Ablations

Area of the brain Area of the brainis removedis removedcompletelycompletely

Only conductedOnly conducted

on nonon non-- humanshumans



(+) Hetherington et al(+) Hetherington et al Research method:Research method:

lesioninglesioning

LesionedLesioned lower, centrallower, centralpart of hypothalamuspart of hypothalamus

...... This part was...... This part wascalled ventromedialcalled ventromedialnucleus (VMN)nucleus (VMN)

Found: ate to up to 3Found: ate to up to 3times body weight times body weight



Evaluation of psychosurgeryEvaluation of psychosurgery (+) Can use non(+) Can use non-- humans, indication of what parts of the brainhumans, indication of what parts of the brain

are responsible for what functionare responsible for what function

(+) Non(+) Non-- humans, cheap, easily obtainable, ethicalhumans, cheap, easily obtainable, ethical

((--) . But can we generalise findings to humans?) . But can we generalise findings to humans? just because we have the same features, it doesnt mean just because we have the same features, it doesnt mean

they perform the same functionthey perform the same function

((--) Animals are under stress at being confined, may alter) Animals are under stress at being confined, may alterphysiologyphysiology

((--) Animal ethics) Animal ethics-- do the costs outweigh the findings?do the costs outweigh the findings?

((--) Animals cant tell us what they really think, findings are) Animals cant tell us what they really think, findings aretherefore based on interpretation (unreliable)therefore based on interpretation (unreliable)

((--) Cant be 100% sure primary cause has been located) Cant be 100% sure primary cause has been located



Methods used in studyingMethods used in studying geneticsgenetics

Correlational techniquesCorrelational techniques

Measures the strength of a relationshipMeasures the strength of a relationship

between 2+ cobetween 2+ co-- variablesvariables Positive correlation: both variables increasePositive correlation: both variables increase

togethertogether

Negative correlation: 1 variable increases theNegative correlation: 1 variable increases theother decreasesother decreases



Correlational technique TwinCorrelational technique Twinstudiesstudies MzMz (Monozygotic): 100% same(Monozygotic): 100% same

genesgenes DzDz ((DizoygoticDizoygotic): 50% same): 50% same

genesgenes

Concordance rate establishedConcordance rate establishedwhen a correlational test haswhen a correlational test hasbeen performedbeen performed

Compare a variable in oneCompare a variable in onetwin with the other twintwin with the other twin

Concordance rate= probabilityConcordance rate= probabilityraterate

E.g. of schizophrenia, eatingE.g. of schizophrenia, eatingdisorders, intelligencedisorders, intelligence



Twin studiesTwin studies

See earlierSee earlierstudy onstudy on

Anorexia Anorexia

SummariseSummariseMinnesotaMinnesotaTwin studyTwin studyp54p54--5555



Evaluation of twin studiesEvaluation of twin studies (+) Have produced lots(+) Have produced lots

of data indicatingof data indicatingnature & nurturesnature & nurtures

important important ((--) Small, bias samples) Small, bias samples

((--)) MzMz twins maybetwins maybetreated more similarlytreated more similarlythanthan DzDz twinstwins

((--) Cant establish cause) Cant establish cause& effect & effect

((--) Lack of control over) Lack of control overextraneous variablesextraneous variables



General learning outcome 4General learning outcome 4 Discuss ethical considerations related toDiscuss ethical considerations related to

research studies at theresearch studies at the BLoABLoA

Need to be able to evaluate ethicalNeed to be able to evaluate ethicalissues (BPS guidelines and socialissues (BPS guidelines and socialimplications) of at least 4 studiesimplications) of at least 4 studies



Animal ethics Animal ethics Do the findingsDo the findings

(application to(application to

humans) outweighhumans) outweighthe ethical costs (tothe ethical costs (tothe animal)?the animal)?

(+) Non(+) Non-- humans,humans,

cheap, easilycheap, easilyobtainable, ethicalobtainable, ethical

((--) Animal ethics) Animal ethics-- dodothe costs outweighthe costs outweigh

the findings?the findings?




BPS guidelinesBPS guidelines Must work within the laws of protecting animalsMust work within the laws of protecting animals

Must have suitable cagingMust have suitable caging

Must be cared for by fully trained staff Must be cared for by fully trained staff

Must decided benefits outweigh costs & justifies procedureMust decided benefits outweigh costs & justifies procedure Animals should only be used from reputable suppliers Animals should only be used from reputable suppliers

Alternatives must be considered Alternatives must be considered

Different animals suffer different levels of pain, should considerDifferent animals suffer different levels of pain, should considerwhen choosing specieswhen choosing species

Surgical & stressful procedures are only allowed if hold HomeSurgical & stressful procedures are only allowed if hold HomeOffice LicenceOffice Licence

Endangered species should not be usedEndangered species should not be used




Moral implications of geneticMoral implications of genetic

research (ethics to the person)research (ethics to the person) ((--) Lowered self ) Lowered self-- esteem b/c told that got a gene that has undesirableesteem b/c told that got a gene that has undesirable

characteristics i.e. low intelligence, schizophrenic, gay, alcoholic.characteristics i.e. low intelligence, schizophrenic, gay, alcoholic.Could affect the persons outlook on life & whether or not they fulfilCould affect the persons outlook on life & whether or not they fulfil

their full potential can generally affect mental health & well beingtheir full potential can generally affect mental health & well being

((--) deterministic: fixed cant change it. So going to like it for the rest ) deterministic: fixed cant change it. So going to like it for the rest of your life.. Implications from treatment (i.e. anorexic counsellingof your life.. Implications from treatment (i.e. anorexic counsellingwouldnt work, AA wouldnt work (this is a social implications too)wouldnt work, AA wouldnt work (this is a social implications too)therefore not giving the individual the opportunity to recovertherefore not giving the individual the opportunity to recover

(+) Takes away the blame from the person for their disorder i.e.(+) Takes away the blame from the person for their disorder i.e.schizophrenia, therefore, is more positive for the individual as it is not schizophrenia, therefore, is more positive for the individual as it is not seen as their fault they have the problemseen as their fault they have the problem

. (. (--) means the individual wont take responsibility for it (i.e.) means the individual wont take responsibility for it (i.e.alcoholism) and may use as a excuse not to stopalcoholism) and may use as a excuse not to stop

(+) can be useful for screening vulnerability for certain illnesses i.e.(+) can be useful for screening vulnerability for certain illnesses i.e.cancer, heart disease so giving people the right treatment earlycancer, heart disease so giving people the right treatment early

((--) but this can further affect finances i.e. chances of getting a) but this can further affect finances i.e. chances of getting amortgage, life insurancemortgage, life insurance




Social implications of geneticSocial implications of genetic researchresearch

(ethics/ pros and cons for society)(ethics/ pros and cons for society) SFP: people might for example be told they have a low IQ, they then take onSFP: people might for example be told they have a low IQ, they then take on

this label, they start failing tests etc, thus communicating they have low IQs tothis label, they start failing tests etc, thus communicating they have low IQs toothers and hence getting treated as though they have.others and hence getting treated as though they have.

Discrimination: behavioural change towards somebody because of their geneticDiscrimination: behavioural change towards somebody because of their geneticmakemake-- up i.e. treating somebody who carries the gay gene as though they areup i.e. treating somebody who carries the gay gene as though they are

in fact homosexualin fact homosexual Prejudice: assuming e.g. people from different races are intelligent or thickPrejudice: assuming e.g. people from different races are intelligent or thick

because they belong to that race. Could encourage segregation in schoolsbecause they belong to that race. Could encourage segregation in schoolsbetween races and reinforcing difference between groupsbetween races and reinforcing difference between groups

Could lead to people with low IQs underachieving and this low IQ label couldCould lead to people with low IQs underachieving and this low IQ label could stick with the person/ people for the rest of their lives: stigmatisation stick with the person/ people for the rest of their lives: stigmatisation

Genetic screening could lead to the prevention of treatments for certainGenetic screening could lead to the prevention of treatments for certainindividuals; as theres no point in treating them i.e. for aggressive behaviour/individuals; as theres no point in treating them i.e. for aggressive behaviour/

depression/ phobias/ alcohol addiction because they will never change as itsdepression/ phobias/ alcohol addiction because they will never change as itsgenetically predeterminedgenetically predetermined

Designer babiesDesigner babies Genetic screening: can be used to prevent illnessesGenetic screening: can be used to prevent illnesses



Specific learning outcomeSpecific learning outcome

learning outcome 5learning outcome 5 Physiology and behaviourPhysiology and behaviour

Explain one study related to localisationExplain one study related to localisationof brain functionof brain function


WatchWatch pinkypinky and the brainand the brain



Student activityStudent activity Cauliflower activityCauliflower activity

In pairsIn pairs

Using the handout label the cauliflowerUsing the handout label the cauliflower

Use toothpicks and post it notesUse toothpicks and post it notes



Brain localisation p 43Brain localisation p 43 Localization of functions in the brain can beLocalization of functions in the brain can be

described as how different parts of the braindescribed as how different parts of the brain

carry out different functions.carry out different functions. Examples are language, memory, movement Examples are language, memory, movement

BrocaBroca (1861)(1861)

Found that damage to the frontal lobeFound that damage to the frontal lobeaffected speechaffected speech

He found stroke victims Had problems withHe found stroke victims Had problems withgrammargrammar-- became known asbecame known as BrocaBroca area.area.



One study:One study: RaineRaine et alet al

Dont useDont use PhineasPhineas GageGage

DO NOT USE PHINEASDO NOT USE PHINEASGAGE IN TEX TBOOK......GAGE IN TEX TBOOK......

It is too old and not aIt is too old and not agreat studygreat study

http://www.holah.karoo.nhttp://www.holah.karoo.net/raine.htmet/raine.htm

Use this link toUse this link tosummarise the studysummarise the study

RaineRaine



RaineRaine s results: s results:

left: control, right: murdererleft: control, right: murderer



Any ethical issues of Any ethical issues of RainesRaines

study?study?



Quiz onQuiz on RaineRaine studystudy http://www.holah.karoo.net/rainemulti.http://www.holah.karoo.net/rainemulti.

htmhtm

RainesRaines web pageweb page

http://wwwhttp://www--bcf.usc.edu/~raine/bcf.usc.edu/~raine/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmeshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes /if/4102371.stm /if/4102371.stm

BBC article onBBC article on RaineRaine



Learning outcome 10Learning outcome 10 Discuss the use of brain imagingDiscuss the use of brain imaging

technologiestechnologies




Brain scanningBrain scanning

page 44page 44-- 4545 C AT:C AT:

X X-- ray moves around headray moves around head

Slides of brain at workSlides of brain at work

Computer puts together slidesComputer puts together slides

PET:PET:

Radioactive tracers usedRadioactive tracers used

Puts together slices of brainPuts together slices of brain

MRI & NMR:MRI & NMR:

Uses magnetic fields & radio waves for image of Uses magnetic fields & radio waves for image of brainbrain

E.g.E.g. RainesRaines studystudy



Evaluation of brain scanningEvaluation of brain scanningUseful for detecting causes of illnessUseful for detecting causes of illness

Useful in understanding states of awarenessUseful in understanding states of awareness

Causes no permanent damageCauses no permanent damage

Tend to be accurateTend to be accurate

ReliableReliable-- can be repeatedcan be repeated

Relies on interpretationRelies on interpretationExpensive & lack of availabilityExpensive & lack of availability



EEG (EEG (ElectrophalogramElectrophalogram)) NonNon-- invasiveinvasive

MicroMicro-- electrodes are attached to scalpelectrodes are attached to scalp

Detects electrical activity in parts of the brainDetects electrical activity in parts of the brain

EOG (Electroculogram)EOG (Electroculogram)

Measures activity in eyesMeasures activity in eyes

EMG (Electromyogram)EMG (Electromyogram) Measures muscle activityMeasures muscle activity



Evaluation of EEGEvaluation of EEG (+) Useful in understanding states of (+) Useful in understanding states of

awarenessawareness

((--) . but cant tell us much about ) . but cant tell us much about precise regions of the brainprecise regions of the brain

(+) Non(+) Non-- invasiveinvasive-- few ethical problemsfew ethical problems

((--) EEG may change electrical activity in) EEG may change electrical activity inbrainbrain



Specific learning outcome 6Specific learning outcome 6 Using one or more examples, explainUsing one or more examples, explain

the effects of neurotransmitters onthe effects of neurotransmitters on

human behaviourhuman behaviour




neurotransmittersneurotransmitters DopmaineDopmaine::

........ Inhibitory.... Linked to learning, arousal,........ Inhibitory.... Linked to learning, arousal,

pleasure (euphoria).pleasure (euphoria). N oradrenaline:N oradrenaline:

........ Excitatory.... Linked to emotions and acts as a........ Excitatory.... Linked to emotions and acts as ahormone to stimulate the sympathetic nervoushormone to stimulate the sympathetic nervoussystemsystem

S erotonin:S erotonin:

........ Inhibitory.... Linked to sleep, arousal,........ Inhibitory.... Linked to sleep, arousal,emotions.emotions.



dopaminedopamine High levels of dopamine isHigh levels of dopamine is

linked to schizophrenialinked to schizophrenia

Sz drugs used blockSz drugs used block

dopamine receptors at dopamine receptors at synapsessynapses

suggest due to excessive suggest due to excessivedopamine in the braindopamine in the brain

& post & post-- mortems show highmortems show high

dopamine levels in Szdopamine levels in Sz



Dopamine and Sz

Dopamine and Sz (+) symptoms(+) symptoms

worsened byworsened byamphetaminesamphetamines

these activate these activatedopamine (dopamine (Angrist Angrist et al, 74, vanet al, 74, vanKammenKammen at al , 91,at al , 91,82)82)



Noradrenaline and depressionNoradrenaline and depression Depression also linkedDepression also linked

to noradrenalineto noradrenaline

(+) Janowsky(+) Janowsky Ppts that were given aPpts that were given a

drug that decreaseddrug that decreasednoradrenaline levelsnoradrenaline levelsbecame extremelybecame extremely

depresseddepressed..



Serotonin/ noradrenaline &Serotonin/ noradrenaline &

anorexiaanorexia Fava et al (89)Fava et al (89)

Found changes inFound changes inserotonin &serotonin &noradrenalin innoradrenalin inanorexicsanorexics



Evaluation point (s)Evaluation point (s) There is just a link between these neurotransmittersThere is just a link between these neurotransmitters

and behaviourand behaviour

We can not establish cause and effect as the dataWe can not establish cause and effect as the datacollected is correlationalcollected is correlational

... Just shows a link between i.e. Sz and dopamine... Just shows a link between i.e. Sz and dopamine

In addition... Does the disorder cause theIn addition... Does the disorder cause theneurotransmitters to be abnormal or is it theneurotransmitters to be abnormal or is it theneurotransmitters that cause the abnormalneurotransmitters that cause the abnormalbehaviour?behaviour?



Specific learning outcome 7Specific learning outcome 7 Using one or more examples, explainUsing one or more examples, explain

the functions of 2 hormones in humanthe functions of 2 hormones in human

behaviourbehaviour



The effect of adrenaline onThe effect of adrenaline on

arousal/ fight or flight responsearousal/ fight or flight response The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervousThe sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous

systemsystem

T

he adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal glands)....T

he adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal glands)....Secretes adrenaline and noradrenalineSecretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

These hormones promote physiological arousal asThese hormones promote physiological arousal asprepares body for the flight or flight responseprepares body for the flight or flight response

Have increased alertness, energy, blood flow to theHave increased alertness, energy, blood flow to themuscles, increased heart beat, breathing, reducedmuscles, increased heart beat, breathing, reducedactivity in digestive system, increased release of activity in digestive system, increased release of blood clotting systems to stop intense bleeding inblood clotting systems to stop intense bleeding incase you get injured.case you get injured.



The effects of adrenalineThe effects of adrenaline

are...are... Have increased alertness,Have increased alertness,

energy,energy,

blood flow to the muscles,blood flow to the muscles, increased heart beat,increased heart beat,

breathing,breathing,

reduced activity in digestive system,reduced activity in digestive system,

increased release of blood clotting systems to stopincreased release of blood clotting systems to stopintense bleeding in case you get injured,intense bleeding in case you get injured,

Increase in blood pressureIncrease in blood pressure



(+) Ax (53)(+) Ax (53) Found adrenaline is associated withFound adrenaline is associated with

certain emotionscertain emotions

i.e. Stress and feari.e. Stress and fear



Second hormone: melatoninSecond hormone: melatonin High levels makes you sleepHigh levels makes you sleep

Argued high levels is linked with Argued high levels is linked with

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)



Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythms Repeats itself onceRepeats itself once

E.g. sleep/ wake cycleE.g. sleep/ wake cycle

Controlled by activatingControlled by activatingneurotransmitters e.g. noradrenaline,neurotransmitters e.g. noradrenaline,serotonin in cyclesserotonin in cycles

& hormones: melatonin& hormones: melatonin



Internal (endogenous) stimuliInternal (endogenous) stimuli Cells in the hypothalamus produces circadianCells in the hypothalamus produces circadian

rhythms from light levelsrhythms from light levels

These light levels are received by the retinaThese light levels are received by the retina

Cells (in hypothalamus) regulate melatoninCells (in hypothalamus) regulate melatoninproductionproduction

Increases in melatonin = decrease in arousalIncreases in melatonin = decrease in arousal

Darkness causes pineal gland to secreteDarkness causes pineal gland to secretemelatoninmelatonin

Daylight inhibits productionDaylight inhibits production



Role of melatoninRole of melatonin High levels makes you sleepHigh levels makes you sleep

Low levels awakeLow levels awake

Secreted when darkSecreted when dark Peaks in the middle of the night Peaks in the middle of the night

.... Decreases towards the morning.... Decreases towards the morning



Evidence (+)Evidence (+) Rosenthal (87)Rosenthal (87)

Link between high levels of melatonin andLink between high levels of melatonin and

SAD (seasonal affective disorder)SAD (seasonal affective disorder) SAD: feel sleepy and lethargicSAD: feel sleepy and lethargic

.. Also crave.. Also crave carbscarbs

... Also evidence in support that people that ... Also evidence in support that people that live in Scandinavia get SAD.... As is dark forlive in Scandinavia get SAD.... As is dark formonth in wintermonth in winter



(+) Evidence:(+) Evidence:D

anilenkoD

anilenko (94)(94) Researchers have found that thisResearchers have found that this

system is disrupted in people with SAD.system is disrupted in people with SAD.

SAD patients were compared withSAD patients were compared withhealthy controlshealthy controls

found that the SAD patients hadfound that the SAD patients had

consistently higher daytime melatoninconsistently higher daytime melatoninlevels during the winter monthslevels during the winter months

Argued this is what causes SAD Argued this is what causes SAD



Specific learning outcome 9Specific learning outcome 9 Discuss two effects of the environment Discuss two effects of the environment

on physiological processeson physiological processes



Stress and physiologyStress and physiology An emotion An emotion State of tension and physiological arousalState of tension and physiological arousal

caused by a stressorcaused by a stressor Stressor Stressor is a demandis a demand These can be physical or psychological andThese can be physical or psychological and

threaten physical or psychological wellthreaten physical or psychological well-- beingbeing Stress responseStress response: innate, defensive reaction,: innate, defensive reaction,

promotes survivalpromotes survival

The ph siological esponse toThe ph siological esponse to



as stess 63

The physiological response toThe physiological response tostressstress

theory 2:General Adaptationtheory 2:General Adaptation SyndromeSyndrome (GAS)(GAS)

SelyeSelye 19361936 p 224p 224-- 225225

1 Alarm reaction1 Alarm reaction Prepares animal to respond to a demandPrepares animal to respond to a demand

HH-- PP-- A axis activated, sympathetic branch ANS A axis activated, sympathetic branch ANSarousedaroused

Breathing, hear rate, blood pressure etc. increasesBreathing, hear rate, blood pressure etc. increases

Release hormones, adrenaline, noradrenaline,Release hormones, adrenaline, noradrenaline,glucocorticoidsglucocorticoids

Ready for fight or flight Ready for fight or flight

Inquiry exercise: Google the above hormonesInquiry exercise: Google the above hormones



30/08/2011 Health Psychology Yr 13 Unit 5b

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64

The alarm reaction (physiological The alarm reaction (physiological

response)response) StressorStressor

HypothalamusHypothalamus Produces CRFProduces CRF

Pituitary glandPituitary gland Secretes ACTH: stimulatesSecretes ACTH: stimulates

Adrenal glands Adrenal glands Secretes steroidsSecretes steroids

Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Medulla

Arousal ANS Arousal ANS Secretes adrenaline/Secretes adrenaline/

noradrenalinnoradrenalin

Fight or Flight Fight or Flight

(Produces hormones(Produces hormoneswith stimulates)with stimulates)

(Master gland, directs(Master gland, directsendocrine system)endocrine system)

Adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex Secretes cortisol Secretes cortisol

Liver releases storedLiver releases storedglucoseglucose



as stess 65

Stage 2 of GAS:Stage 2 of GAS: ResistanceResistance Body must adapt whilst chemicalsBody must adapt whilst chemicals

produced to bring body back toproduced to bring body back to normalnormal

(homeostasis)(homeostasis) While coping with stressorWhile coping with stressor

Hormones produced at a lower levelHormones produced at a lower level



as stess 66

Stage 3 GAS:Stage 3 GAS: ExhaustionExhaustion Resources become exhaustedResources become exhausted

Shows effects of prolonged resistanceShows effects of prolonged resistance

to stressorto stressor

PsychosomaticPsychosomatic illness (panic attacks)illness (panic attacks)

Immune system collapsesImmune system collapses




2008

67

Evaluation of the stress and theEvaluation of the stress and the

physiological responsephysiological response Made up of: white blood cells (leucocytes)Made up of: white blood cells (leucocytes)-- includingincludingTT-- cellscells

which multiply to respond to infection which multiply to respond to infection

Adrenalin inhibits production Adrenalin inhibits production

CommonCommon cold: supporting evidence (+)cold: supporting evidence (+) Cohen et alCohen et al

High stressed participants were 2x likely to developHigh stressed participants were 2x likely to develop

common colds than low stressedcommon colds than low stressed Hence it appears that stress has a negative effect onHence it appears that stress has a negative effect on

health and the bodys physiology.health and the bodys physiology.



Stress & UlcersStress & Ulcers

Bradys Executive monkeys Bradys Executive monkeys

Supporting evidence (+)Supporting evidence (+)

Died of ulcers caused by stress ratherDied of ulcers caused by stress rather

than shocksthan shocks Most damageMost damage-- rest periodsrest periods

Shows that the immune system isShows that the immune system isinfluence by stressful situationsinfluence by stressful situations

Stress increases hydrochloric acid inStress increases hydrochloric acid in

the bodythe body and reduces gastrointestincal tract and reduces gastrointestincal tract

which causes ulcers are this study which causes ulcers are this study

demonstratesdemonstrates..30/08/2011 Health Psychology Yr 13 Unit 5b

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68



Homework activityHomework activity Evaluate Bradys monkeysEvaluate Bradys monkeys

1) according to generalisability issues1) according to generalisability issues

2) ecological validity (in real life2) ecological validity (in real lifepsychology studies are not made up of psychology studies are not made up of a sample of monkeys, and the waya sample of monkeys, and the way

tested stress is unrealistic (i.e. Shocks)tested stress is unrealistic (i.e. Shocks)of everyday lifeof everyday life

3) animal ethics3) animal ethics




2008

70

Stress and the immuneStress and the immune

systemsystem Supporting evidenceSupporting evidence

Kiecolt Kiecolt-- Glaser et al (84)Glaser et al (84)

N = 75 1N = 75 1st st yr medical student volunteersyr medical student volunteers

Findings: TFindings: T-- cell activity significantly lower during examscell activity significantly lower during exams Lowest Lowest-- most lonely & depressed/most lonely & depressed/ anxiousanxious

Implies that during stressful periods immune functioning isImplies that during stressful periods immune functioning islowered, and this supports GAS b/c it shows that the exhaustionlowered, and this supports GAS b/c it shows that the exhaustionstage may correct.stage may correct.

If a study agrees with the theory it means that the theory isIf a study agrees with the theory it means that the theory isvalid (accurate in what it is sayingvalid (accurate in what it is saying-- so GAS is correct in sayingso GAS is correct in sayingthat the immune system is effected by prolonged stress).that the immune system is effected by prolonged stress).

It is also reliable, as it has supporting evidence which makes theIt is also reliable, as it has supporting evidence which makes thetheory consistent, hence reliabletheory consistent, hence reliable




2008

71

Evaluation of theEvaluation of the

physiological theories:physiological theories: ReductionismReductionism

((--) studies just show) studies just show a link; cant establisha link; cant establish

cause and effect cause and effect bad b/c dont know if illness is cause of bad b/c dont know if illness is cause of

stress or the result of stress or the result of it,... Cant control thisit,... Cant control thisso it makes conclusions impossibleso it makes conclusions impossible

((--) other indirect factors can effect health i.e.) other indirect factors can effect health i.e.smoke more when stressed, take drugs etcsmoke more when stressed, take drugs etc......Which are social aspects of stress... So makesWhich are social aspects of stress... So makesHP AA invalid (inaccurate)HP AA invalid (inaccurate)

E l i f hE l i f h



Evaluation of theEvaluation of thephysiological theories:physiological theories:

ReductionismReductionism

((--) individual differences in stress i.e.) individual differences in stress i.e.

personality type, differences in secretion of personality type, differences in secretion of stress hormones... So makes HP AA invalid...stress hormones... So makes HP AA invalid... And not generalisable to everyone And not generalisable to everyone


2008

72



Second effect: Jet Second effect: Jet laglag Circadian rhythms expect Circadian rhythms expect

one time of day but bodysone time of day but bodysfaced with different time of faced with different time of dayday

so your sleepso your sleep-- wake cyclewake cyclein drastically changedin drastically changed

therefore our internal therefore our internalbody clocks have becomebody clocks have become

desynchroniseddesynchronised Jet lag causes physiologicalJet lag causes physiological

problemsproblems . Because we have to. Because we have to

adjust different zeitgeberadjust different zeitgebere.g. timee.g. time differencesdifferences



Jet lag continuedJet lag continued

So your body passes through a 24 hourSo your body passes through a 24 hourcycle every day... From day to night cycle every day... From day to night

But when you travel it is expected toBut when you travel it is expected tocatch up quicklycatch up quickly

It has to reIt has to re-- establish itself establish itself



Jet lag cont.....Jet lag cont..... Consequences being:Consequences being:

fatigue, loss of appetite,fatigue, loss of appetite,headaches, insomnia,headaches, insomnia,low energy levels (muchlow energy levels (muchsimilar to shift work)similar to shift work)

West West-- east = lose timeeast = lose time East East-- west = delay bodywest = delay body

clock as you are chasingclock as you are chasingthe sun.the sun. Implications for cabinImplications for cabin

crews/ pilotscrews/ pilots



Jet lag cont....Jet lag cont....

Secretion of melatonin reaches a peak during theSecretion of melatonin reaches a peak during thenight night

After a long After a long-- haul flight the circadian rhythm of thehaul flight the circadian rhythm of thesleepsleep-- wake (internal body clock)..... Stays locked inwake (internal body clock)..... Stays locked inthe home country for a few daysthe home country for a few days

So tired in the day and cant sleep at night So tired in the day and cant sleep at night

So jet laggedSo jet lagged

.... Also appetite is erratic i.e. Hungry at night and.... Also appetite is erratic i.e. Hungry at night andnot in the daynot in the day



SchwartzSchwartz (¶95)(¶95)

A study of American baseball teams A study of American baseball teams

1 team1 team-- East coast East coast

1 team1 team-- West coast West coast

2 hour time difference between locations2 hour time difference between locations F: The West coast team lost significantly more away games inF: The West coast team lost significantly more away games in

the East,the East,

compared to the East coast team when they were playing thecompared to the East coast team when they were playing theWest West

due to the direction of travel due to the direction of travel



HarmaHarma et al (1994 a. b) &et al (1994 a. b) & SuvantoSuvanto et et al (93)al (93)

N = 40 femaleN = 40 female pptsppts

4 day flight, crossed 10 time zones4 day flight, crossed 10 time zones

F:F: pptsppts sleepy for 4 dayssleepy for 4 days

Poor sleepPoor sleep ReturnedReturned-- resumed quicklyresumed quickly

Attention/ cognitive skills controlled endogenous rhythm Attention/ cognitive skills controlled endogenous rhythm

Body temp & melatonin desynchronisedBody temp & melatonin desynchronised



How to reduce the effects of jet How to reduce the effects of jet laglag

Take melatonin tabletsTake melatonin tablets

do this a few days do this a few daysbefore you travelbefore you travel

it resets the it resets the SCNSCN

E id l t i t bl tE id l t i t bl t



Evidence on melatonin tabletsEvidence on melatonin tabletsto reduce jet lagto reduce jet lag

(+) jet lagged volunteers who took melatonin(+) jet lagged volunteers who took melatoninreported feeling less jet lagged thanreported feeling less jet lagged than pptsppts

that were given a placebothat were given a placebo ((--) Evidence against ) Evidence against

Spitzer (99)Spitzer (99)

257 Norwegian doctors travelled to New York257 Norwegian doctors travelled to New York

for 5 days and backfor 5 days and back

F: 63% still had jet lag when they returnedF: 63% still had jet lag when they returned

l i f j l ffl i f j l ff



Evaluation of jet lag as an effect Evaluation of jet lag as an effect on physiological processeson physiological processes

ReductionsmReductionsm ((--) Melatonin) Melatonin-- helps body clock adjust, dont know how it workshelps body clock adjust, dont know how it works

exactlyexactly

((--) Many factors associated with jet lag not just due to sleep) Many factors associated with jet lag not just due to sleepdeprivationdeprivation

I.s. Stress of travelling & general stress levels, how muchI.s. Stress of travelling & general stress levels, how muchalcohol consumed on plane, diet, dehydration, sleep deprivationalcohol consumed on plane, diet, dehydration, sleep deprivation

((--) doesnt effect everyone all the time... Individual differences) doesnt effect everyone all the time... Individual differences

in the effects of jet lagin the effects of jet lag More likely to effect those that have regular sleep patternsMore likely to effect those that have regular sleep patterns



Learning outcome 10Learning outcome 10

Examine the interaction betweenExamine the interaction betweencognition and physiological in terms of cognition and physiological in terms of

behaviourbehaviour Evaluate 2 studiesEvaluate 2 studies



Amnesia Amnesia

The interaction we will be focusing on isThe interaction we will be focusing on isamnesia and physiologyamnesia and physiology

The 2 studies we will be evaluating areThe 2 studies we will be evaluating areClive Wearing and HMClive Wearing and HM



Amnesia Amnesia Amnesia Amnesia: the inability to learn new: the inability to learn new

information or retrieve information that hasinformation or retrieve information that hasbeen already stored in memorybeen already stored in memory

Anterogra

de amnesia

Anterogra

de amnesia... cant form any new... cant form any newmemories after accident/ damagememories after accident/ damage

... So cant form any new long term memories... So cant form any new long term memories(LTM)(LTM)

Retrograde amnesia...Retrograde amnesia... Cant rememberCant rememberincidents before the trauma..... Like when youincidents before the trauma..... Like when youhave concussion cant remember what have concussion cant remember what happened before you hit your head.happened before you hit your head.



Anterograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia

The multiThe multi-- store model argues that STM and LTM arestore model argues that STM and LTM aredistinct distinct

That there are these 2 memory stores.That there are these 2 memory stores.

... And they are distinct from in other (in different ... And they are distinct from in other (in different parts of the brain)parts of the brain)

So if have brain damages one store may be affectedSo if have brain damages one store may be affectedand the other not.and the other not.

Anterograde amnesia is caused by transfer Anterograde amnesia is caused by transferinformation from STM to LTMinformation from STM to LTM

& retrieval problems from LTM& retrieval problems from LTM



Retrograde amnesiaRetrograde amnesia

Caused by head injuries, ECT, carbonCaused by head injuries, ECT, carbonmonoxide poisoning, stress.monoxide poisoning, stress.

STM is in tact STM is in tact ..... Retrograde amnesia is caused by a..... Retrograde amnesia is caused by a

disruption to consolidationdisruption to consolidation

Consolidation: when new information is inConsolidation: when new information is in

LTM but needs time to be physically placedLTM but needs time to be physically placedinto the brain.into the brain.



Amnesia cont... Amnesia cont...

Amnesia can be caused by an infection Amnesia can be caused by an infection(Clive Wearing)(Clive Wearing)

Brian injuryBrian injury

Alcohol abuse Alcohol abuse

Google Korsakoffs syndromeGoogle Korsakoffs syndrome



homeworkhomework

Evaluate Clive Wearing and HM caseEvaluate Clive Wearing and HM casestudies of brain damaged patients.studies of brain damaged patients.




Genetics and behaviourGenetics and behaviour

With reference to relevant researchWith reference to relevant research

studies to what extent does geneticstudies to what extent does geneticinheritance influence behaviour?inheritance influence behaviour?



Genes and behaviourGenes and behaviour

Argued that if we inherit our physical Argued that if we inherit our physicalcharacteristics must also inherit psychologicalcharacteristics must also inherit psychological

i.e. Sz, An, depression, personality,i.e. Sz, An, depression, personality,intelligence etc.intelligence etc.

Nature side of nature nurture debateNature side of nature nurture debate

Behaviour is fixed and cant be changed dueBehaviour is fixed and cant be changed due

to genesto genes

Uses twin studies/ family studiesUses twin studies/ family studies(correlations)(correlations)



You research one area You research one area

Genes and? The extent that they are linked with.......Genes and? The extent that they are linked with.......

Anorexia Anorexia

PhobiasPhobias

Evaluate using nurture theoriesEvaluate using nurture theories

Genetics and psychologicalGenetics and psychological



Genetics and psychologicalGenetics and psychologicaldisordersdisorders

Medical model of abnormality arguesMedical model of abnormality arguespsychological disorders are linked topsychological disorders are linked to

genesgenes E.g. Sz linked to chromosomes 6 & 13E.g. Sz linked to chromosomes 6 & 13

Anorexia: Twin studies show on Anorexia: Twin studies show on

average 50% concordance rates inaverage 50% concordance rates in MzMztwinstwins



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 95

Symptoms of SzSymptoms of SzPositive symptomsPositive symptoms

1.1. Thought disturbanceThought disturbance

Hallucinations, delusions,Hallucinations, delusions,

disorganised thinking (slip of disorganised thinking (slip of track from a topic/ strangetrack from a topic/ strangewords used)words used)

2. Negative symptoms2. Negative symptoms

Withdrawal, apathy, reducedWithdrawal, apathy, reduced,motivation, flattened &,motivation, flattened &inappropriate affect inappropriate affect



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 97

(+) Supporting evidence(+) Supporting evidence

Twin studiesTwin studies

(+)(+) GottesmanGottesman (91)(91)

Summarised 40 studiesSummarised 40 studies(large number)(large number)

Concordance rate 48%Concordance rate 48% MzMzand 17%and 17% DzDz

Implies large geneticImplies large genetic

component component




Evaluation of twin studiesEvaluation of twin studies

((--) Generalisability: not everyone is a twin... Maybe) Generalisability: not everyone is a twin... Maybedifferent findings for nondifferent findings for non-- twinstwins

((--)) KaminKamin (74) small samples, twins normally spend(74) small samples, twins normally spend

a lot of time togethera lot of time together Validity: ( Validity: (--)) Should be 1.00 concordance rate inShould be 1.00 concordance rate in

geneticgenetic

lower = significant environmental component lower = significant environmental component

((--) Correlation, one doesnt cause the other to) Correlation, one doesnt cause the other tohappen, could be 3happen, could be 3rdrd factor involved e.g.factor involved e.g. Environment Environment



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 99

(+) Adoption studies(+) Adoption studies

TienariTienari (91)(91) Compared 155 adopted children whosCompared 155 adopted children whos

mums were Sz tomums were Sz to ...... 155 control (mums not Sz)...... 155 control (mums not Sz)

Sz mum group 10.3% developed Sz inSz mum group 10.3% developed Sz inadulthoodadulthood Compared to 1.1% controlCompared to 1.1% control Implies some genetic cause . But not aImplies some genetic cause . But not a

huge influencehuge influence . Maybe environment i.e. family. Maybe environment i.e. family

arguments, stress played a part arguments, stress played a part



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 100

Family studiesFamily studies

(+)(+) GottesmanGottesman (91)(91)

Reviewed concordance ratesReviewed concordance rates

Both parents Sz 46% chance SzBoth parents Sz 46% chance Sz 1 parents 16% chance1 parents 16% chance

Siblings 80%Siblings 80%

Random 1%Random 1%

KendlerKendler et al (85)et al (85) 11st st degree relative Sz 18x more likely todegree relative Sz 18x more likely to

develop disorderdevelop disorder

A i t ti S i l lt l LOAA i t ti S i l lt l LOA



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 101

Against genetics Social cultural LOA Against genetics Social cultural LOASocial causation hypothesisSocial causation hypothesis

SzSz-- lower social classlower social class

more stressful so more vulnerable to more stressful so more vulnerable to

SzSz Low level of educationLow level of education

Lack of rewardsLack of rewards

So life experiences is the cause of SzSo life experiences is the cause of Sz

S ti g id f i lS ti g id f i l



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 102

Supporting evidence for socialSupporting evidence for socialcausation hypothesiscausation hypothesis

(+) evidence Sz lower social class b/c suffer(+) evidence Sz lower social class b/c suffermore stressmore stress

(+) Sz twice as high in the lowest social class(+) Sz twice as high in the lowest social class

than the middle classthan the middle class (+) supported by cross(+) supported by cross-- cultural studies incultural studies in

U.K, Denmark, Norway (Kohn, 68)U.K, Denmark, Norway (Kohn, 68) (+) Brown and(+) Brown and BirleyBirley (1968) found evidence(1968) found evidence

that stress is associated with the onset of that stress is associated with the onset of schizophrenia; stressful life events mayschizophrenia; stressful life events mayprecipitate the condition in vulnerableprecipitate the condition in vulnerableindividuals (genetically vulnerable).individuals (genetically vulnerable).

((--) Nurture argument ) Nurture argument



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 103

Social culturalSocial cultural LoALoA::Double bind theoryDouble bind theory

Caused by poor communication in familiesCaused by poor communication in families Parents give out mixed messagesParents give out mixed messages Confuses childConfuses child

Laing (quote):Laing (quote): its a sane response to a disordered environment its a sane response to a disordered environment (+)(+) MischlerMischler et al (68)et al (68) Observed mumsObserved mums F: mums of Sz daughters were unresponsiveF: mums of Sz daughters were unresponsive

compared to normal daughterscompared to normal daughters ((--) Cant establish cause & effect ) Cant establish cause & effect-- Sz causes poorSz causes poor

commuincationcommuincation or vice versaor vice versa



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DiathesisDiathesis-- stress modelstress model

Genetic predisposition combined with.Genetic predisposition combined with.

Stress i.e. environment Stress i.e. environment



Evaluation of genetics and SzEvaluation of genetics and Sz

Approach Approach

((--) contradicted by nurture approaches) contradicted by nurture approaches



Evaluation of genetics and SzEvaluation of genetics and Sz

ReductionismReductionism

Reduced all disorders down to biologicalReduced all disorders down to biological

cause & functioningcause & functioning ignores other (nurture) causes ignores other (nurture) causes

((--) Since there is a concordance rate of ) Since there is a concordance rate of

only 50% in MZ twins, this impliesonly 50% in MZ twins, this impliesfactors other than genetics arefactors other than genetics areimportant.important.



30/08/2011 Clinical 07-08 NW 107

A02 cont A02 cont

Social implicationsSocial implications ((--)Labelling)Labelling ((--) implies Sz is fixed and cant be changed) implies Sz is fixed and cant be changed




Discuss ethical

Discuss ethicalconsiderationsconsiderations

in research intoin research intogeneticgenetic

influences oninfluences onbehaviourbehaviour





Moral implications of geneticMoral implications of geneticresearchresearch

((--) Lowered self ) Lowered self-- esteem b/c told that got a gene that has undesirableesteem b/c told that got a gene that has undesirablecharacteristics i.e. low intelligence, schizophrenic, gay, alcoholic.characteristics i.e. low intelligence, schizophrenic, gay, alcoholic.Could affect the persons outlook on life & whether or not they fulfilCould affect the persons outlook on life & whether or not they fulfil




Moral implicationsMoral implications

(+) Takes away the blame from the(+) Takes away the blame from theperson for their disorder i.e.person for their disorder i.e.schizophrenia, therefore, is moreschizophrenia, therefore, is more

positive for the individual as it is not positive for the individual as it is not seen as their fault they have theseen as their fault they have theproblemproblem

. (. (--) means the individual wont take) means the individual wont take

responsibility for it (i.e. alcoholism) andresponsibility for it (i.e. alcoholism) andmay use as a excuse not tomay use as a excuse not to




(+) can be useful for screening(+) can be useful for screeningvulnerability for certain illnesses i.e.vulnerability for certain illnesses i.e.cancer, heart disease so giving peoplecancer, heart disease so giving peoplethe right treatment earlythe right treatment early

((--) but this can further affect finances) but this can further affect financesi.e. chances of getting a mortgage, lifei.e. chances of getting a mortgage, lifeinsuranceinsurance




((--) deterministic: fixed cant change it.) deterministic: fixed cant change it.So going to like it for the rest of yourSo going to like it for the rest of your

life.. Implications from treatment (i.e.life.. Implications from treatment (i.e.anorexic counselling wouldnt work, AAanorexic counselling wouldnt work, AAwouldnt work (this is a socialwouldnt work (this is a socialimplications too) therefore not givingimplications too) therefore not givingthe individual the opportunity to recoverthe individual the opportunity to recoveror stop.or stop.

Social implications of geneticSocial implications of genetic




Social implications of geneticSocial implications of geneticresearchresearch

Discrimination: behavioural changeDiscrimination: behavioural changetowards somebody because of theirtowards somebody because of theirgenetic makegenetic make-- up i.e. treatingup i.e. treating

somebody who carries the gay gene assomebody who carries the gay gene asthough they are in fact homosexualthough they are in fact homosexual



Social implicationsSocial implications

((--) Genetic screening could lead to the) Genetic screening could lead to theprevention of treatments for certainprevention of treatments for certainindividuals; as theres no point in treatingindividuals; as theres no point in treating

them i.e. for aggressive behaviour/them i.e. for aggressive behaviour/depression/ phobias/ alcohol addictiondepression/ phobias/ alcohol addictionbecause they will never change as itsbecause they will never change as itsgenetically predeterminedgenetically predetermined

((--) Designer babies) Designer babies (+) Genetic screening: can be used to(+) Genetic screening: can be used to

prevent illnessesprevent illnesses



Social implicationsSocial implications

((--) SFP: people might for example be told they have a low IQ,) SFP: people might for example be told they have a low IQ,they then take on this label, they start failing tests etc, thusthey then take on this label, they start failing tests etc, thuscommunicating they have low IQs to others and hence gettingcommunicating they have low IQs to others and hence gettingtreated as though they have.treated as though they have.

((--) Prejudice: assuming e.g. people from different races are) Prejudice: assuming e.g. people from different races areintelligent or thick because they belong to that race. Couldintelligent or thick because they belong to that race. Couldencourage segregation in schools between races and reinforcingencourage segregation in schools between races and reinforcingdifference between groupsdifference between groups

((--) Could lead to people with low IQs underachieving and this) Could lead to people with low IQs underachieving and thislow IQ label could stick with the person/ people for the rest of low IQ label could stick with the person/ people for the rest of their lives: stigmatisationtheir lives: stigmatisation

Genetics and intelligenceGenetics and intelligence




Genetics and intelligenceGenetics and intelligence(optional)(optional)

NatureNature

Intelligence is geneticIntelligence is genetic

IQ tests measure intelligence this wayIQ tests measure intelligence this way

Twin studiesTwin studies McGueMcGue et al (81)et al (81)

Reviewed studies, concordance ratesReviewed studies, concordance rates

MzMz 0.850.85 DzDz 0.580.58

Shields (62)Shields (62)

Compared MZ IQsCompared MZ IQs Reared together or apart Reared together or apart

Concordance ratesConcordance rates

MzMz together 0.77,together 0.77, MzMz apart 0.76apart 0.76




Adoption studies Adoption studies

SkeelsSkeels et al (49)et al (49)

N = 100 adopted children & natural mumsN = 100 adopted children & natural mums

Age 4 Age 4-- IQ correlation 0.28IQ correlation 0.28 Age 13 Age 13-- 0.440.44

Effects environment seem to decrease withEffects environment seem to decrease withageage

Implies that nature is more important thanImplies that nature is more important thannurturenurture

((--) Adoptions tend to be made to similar) Adoptions tend to be made to similar

environmentsenvironments

((--) against the role of ) against the role of




(( ) g) ggenetics: nurture argumentsgenetics: nurture arguments

Adoption studies Adoption studies

Scarr et al (77)Scarr et al (77)

Adopted average higher IQs (10 Adopted average higher IQs (10-- 20 points),20 points),than natural parentsthan natural parents

((--) Adoptive families tend to be wealthier &) Adoptive families tend to be wealthier &better educated, exaggerates environmentalbetter educated, exaggerates environmentalinfluencesinfluences

(+) Early adopted do better than late,(+) Early adopted do better than late,suggests environments important suggests environments important




Diet Diet

Benton et al (91)Benton et al (91)

IQ scoresIQ scoresincreased by 7.6increased by 7.6when childrenwhen children

were givenwere givenvitamins rathervitamins ratherthan placebosthan placebos




Enrichment Enrichment

Operation Head Start Operation Head Start

IQs increased at first, but short livedIQs increased at first, but short lived

If IQs were genetically fixedIf IQs were genetically fixedenrichment programmes wouldnt workenrichment programmes wouldnt work




Genetics &Genetics & intelligenceintelligence

Burt Burt-- IQ 80% geneticIQ 80% genetic

Justified 11+ examsJustified 11+ exams

Selection naturally bright for jobsSelection naturally bright for jobs

Special education at an early ageSpecial education at an early age

Immigration USAImmigration USA

Countries low IQ, sterilizedCountries low IQ, sterilized--prevent spreading lowprevent spreading low

intelligence to societyintelligence to society Later research, 50% inheritedLater research, 50% inherited

intelligenceintelligence




Genetic research & intelligenceGenetic research & intelligence

1.1. Majority early research onMajority early research onintelligence was politicallyintelligence was politicallymotivated by genetic beliefsmotivated by genetic beliefs

.. & carried out by nature.. & carried out by naturebiased researchersbiased researchers

Aim Aim-- to control selectionto control selection

2.2. Based on poorly controlledBased on poorly controlledstudies & ethnocentric IQstudies & ethnocentric IQteststests




D

iscuss ethicalD

iscuss ethicalconsiderationsconsiderationsin research intoin research intogeneticgenetic

influences oninfluences onbehaviourbehaviour




The moral & social implicationsThe moral & social implications

of genetic research &of genetic research &behaviourbehaviour

1.1. Assumption, most Assumption, most behaviourbehaviour

has a genetic basishas a genetic basis

DebateDebate-- how strong thesehow strong theseinfluences areinfluences are

Conclusions based onConclusions based on

misinterpretation of findingsmisinterpretation of findings





p gp gresearchresearch

((--) Lowered self ) Lowered self-- esteem b/c told that got a gene that has undesirableesteem b/c told that got a gene that has undesirablecharacteristics i.e. low intelligence, schizophrenic, gay, alcoholic.characteristics i.e. low intelligence, schizophrenic, gay, alcoholic.Could affect the persons outlook on life & whether or not they fulfilCould affect the persons outlook on life & whether or not they fulfil


((--) deterministic: fixed cant change it. So going to like it for the rest ) deterministic: fixed cant change it. So going to like it for the rest of your life.. Implications from treatment (i.e. anorexic counsellingof your life.. Implications from treatment (i.e. anorexic counsellingwouldnt work, AA wouldnt work (this is a social implications too)wouldnt work, AA wouldnt work (this is a social implications too)therefore not giving the individual the opportunity to recovertherefore not giving the individual the opportunity to recover

(+) Takes away the blame from the person for their disorder i.e.(+) Takes away the blame from the person for their disorder i.e.schizophrenia, therefore, is more positive for the individual as it is not schizophrenia, therefore, is more positive for the individual as it is not seen as their fault they have the problemseen as their fault they have the problem

. (. (--) means the individual wont take responsibility for it (i.e.) means the individual wont take responsibility for it (i.e.

alcoholism) and may use as a excuse not to stopalcoholism) and may use as a excuse not to stop (+) can be useful for screening vulnerability for certain illnesses i.e.(+) can be useful for screening vulnerability for certain illnesses i.e.

cancer, heart disease so giving people the right treatment earlycancer, heart disease so giving people the right treatment early ((--) but this can further affect finances i.e. chances of getting a) but this can further affect finances i.e. chances of getting a

mortgage, life insurancemortgage, life insurance

Social implications of geneticSocial implications of genetic




p gp gresearchresearch

SFP: people might for example be told they have a low IQ, they then take onSFP: people might for example be told they have a low IQ, they then take onthis label, they start failing tests etc, thus communicating they have low IQs tothis label, they start failing tests etc, thus communicating they have low IQs toothers and hence getting treated as though they have.others and hence getting treated as though they have.

Discrimination: behavioural change towards somebody because of their geneticDiscrimination: behavioural change towards somebody because of their geneticmakemake-- up i.e. treating somebody who carries the gay gene as though they areup i.e. treating somebody who carries the gay gene as though they arein fact homosexualin fact homosexual

Prejudice: assuming e.g. people from different races are intelligent or thickPrejudice: assuming e.g. people from different races are intelligent or thickbecause they belong to that race. Could encourage segregation in schoolsbecause they belong to that race. Could encourage segregation in schoolsbetween races and reinforcing difference between groupsbetween races and reinforcing difference between groups

Could lead to people with low IQs underachieving and this low IQ label couldCould lead to people with low IQs underachieving and this low IQ label could stick with the person/ people for the rest of their lives: stigmatisation stick with the person/ people for the rest of their lives: stigmatisation

Genetic screening could lead to the prevention of treatments for certainGenetic screening could lead to the prevention of treatments for certainindividuals; as theres no point in treating them i.e. for aggressive behaviour/individuals; as theres no point in treating them i.e. for aggressive behaviour/depression/ phobias/ alcohol addiction because they will never change as itsdepression/ phobias/ alcohol addiction because they will never change as its

genetically predeterminedgenetically predetermined Designer babiesDesigner babies Genetic screening: can be used to prevent illnessesGenetic screening: can be used to prevent illnesses




Examine oneExamine one evoluntionaryevoluntionary explanationexplanationof behaviourof behaviour

Command term 3:Command term 3: Consider an argument or concept in aConsider an argument or concept in a

way that uncovers the assumptions andway that uncovers the assumptions and

interrelationships of the issueinterrelationships of the issue



Evolutionary psychologyEvolutionary psychology

Social behaviour is caused by evolutionSocial behaviour is caused by evolution

.... Controlled by genes.... Controlled by genes

Features of evolutionaryFeatures of evolutionary



psychologypsychology

People are different because of their genesPeople are different because of their genes

There is competition between people for scarceThere is competition between people for scarceresourcesresources

Survival of the fittest.... Fittest are most likely toSurvival of the fittest.... Fittest are most likely toreproducereproduce

People are favoured over others i.e. NaturallyPeople are favoured over others i.e. Naturallyselected to reproduceselected to reproduce

Environmental change means that newEnvironmental change means that newcharacteristics (i.e. Behaviours) are being selectedcharacteristics (i.e. Behaviours) are being selected

Evolutionary theory of Evolutionary theory of



anorexiaanorexia

Years ago when people were migrating Years ago when people were migratingwhen their food ran out theywhen their food ran out they

instinctively moved to another placeinstinctively moved to another place When food is scarce and starvationWhen food is scarce and starvation

begins, most animals and peoplebegins, most animals and people

demonstrate intense hunger, lowdemonstrate intense hunger, lowactivity levels and a singleactivity levels and a single--mindedmindedsearch for food.search for food.




anorexiaanorexia

Anorexics are different Anorexics are different

individuals with a genetic tendencyindividuals with a genetic tendency

toward anorexia feel sated, full of toward anorexia feel sated, full of energy and unfazed by starvationenergy and unfazed by starvation(DSM(DSM--IV)IV)

(Shan(Shan GuisingerGuisinger, 09), 09)




anorexiaanorexia

Years ago.. When food was scarce those that Years ago.. When food was scarce those that could fight hunger may have become leaderscould fight hunger may have become leaders

GuisingerGuisinger arguesargues that this ancient adaptation,that this ancient adaptation,which was likely an advantage at the time,which was likely an advantage at the time,today continues to cause anorexia in peopletoday continues to cause anorexia in peoplewho have a genetic predisposition to it.who have a genetic predisposition to it.




anorexiaanorexia

Starvation is an adaptive response to stressStarvation is an adaptive response to stress

Anorexia is linked to girls who are maturing earlier Anorexia is linked to girls who are maturing earlier

So detailed maturation by not eating as causesSo detailed maturation by not eating as causes

amenorreheaamenorrehea

Another argument is that anorexia delays Another argument is that anorexia delaysreproduction in females who may have difficultiesreproduction in females who may have difficultieshaving childrenhaving children

So delays reproduction until better prepared to carrySo delays reproduction until better prepared to carrya baby.a baby.

Evaluation of evolutionaryEvaluation of evolutionary



explanation of anorexiaexplanation of anorexia

Approach Approach

((--) contradicted by nurture approaches) contradicted by nurture approaches

E.g. SLT says that Anorexia is caused byE.g. SLT says that Anorexia is caused bymodellingmodelling

i.e. Imitate skinny models/ celebrities in thei.e. Imitate skinny models/ celebrities in themediamedia

Contradicts so makes evolutionary theoryContradicts so makes evolutionary theoryunreliable and invalidunreliable and invalid



Evaluation of evolutionaryEvaluation of evolutionary



explanation of anorexiaexplanation of anorexia

EvidenceEvidence

((--) impossible to find supporting evidence) impossible to find supporting evidence

for.... How do we test for an anorexicfor.... How do we test for an anorexicevolutionary gene?evolutionary gene?

Makes the approach unscientific as it cant beMakes the approach unscientific as it cant betested through rigorous scientific techniquestested through rigorous scientific techniques

& if it is caused by the past how can we test & if it is caused by the past how can we test for this?for this?

Cultural differences inCultural differences in



anorexiaanorexia

This contradicts evolutionary theory asThis contradicts evolutionary theory asanorexia rates should be the sameanorexia rates should be the same

across culturesacross cultures

Biological Lo 2011

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Transcript of Biological Lo 2011