Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon Sink · Ernst-Detlef Schulze Biological Control of the...
Transcript of Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon Sink · Ernst-Detlef Schulze Biological Control of the...
Ernst-Detlef Schulze
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon Sink
-The Vernadsky Medal Lecture 2004
Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Design: Annett Börner, MPI-BGC
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze E-D (1996) Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia 108: 583-595.
Ciais P, Janssens I, Shvidenko A, Wirth C, Malhi Y, Grace J, Schulze ED, Heimann M (2004) The potential for rising CO2 to account for the observed uptake of carbon by tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomes. In: HJ Giffith (ed) BIOS Monographs Series (in press).
Field C, Mooney HA (1986) The photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship in wild plants. In: TJ Givnish (ed) On the economy of plant form and function. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, pp 25-56.
Harden JW, Trumbore SE, Stocks BJ, Hirsch A, Gower ST, O’Neill KP, Kasischke ES (2000) The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget. Global Change Biology 6:174-184.
Harrison AF, Schulze ED, Gebauer G, Bruckner G (2000) Canopy uptake and utilization of atmospheric pollutant nitrogen. Ecol. Studies 142: 171-188.
Hector A, Schmid B, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira MC, Diemer M, Dimitrakopoulos PG, Finn JA, Freitas H, Giller PS, Good J, Harris R, Högberg P, Huss-Danell K, Joshi J, Jumpponen A, Körner C, Leadley PW, Loreau M, Minns A, Mulder CPH, O’Donovan G, Otway SJ, Pereira JS, Prinz A, Reas DJ, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schulze E-D, Siamantziouras A-SD, Spehn EM, Terry AC, Troumbis AY, Woodward FI, Yachi S, Lawton JH (1999) Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123-1127.
Kelliher FM, Leuning R, Schulze E-D (1993) Evaporation and canopy characteristics of coniferous forests and grasslands. Oecologia 95:153-163.
Lange OL, Heber U, Schulze ED, Ziegler H (1989) Atmospheric pollutants and plant metabolism. Ecol Studies 77: 238-276.
Lange OL, Lösch R, Schulze E-D, Kappen L (1971) Responses of stomata to changes in humidity. Planta 100: 76 - 86.
Lange OL, Zellner H, Gebel J, Schramel P, Köstner B, Czygan FC (1987) Photosynthetic capacity, chloroplast pigments and mineral content of previous year’s spruce needles with and without the new flush: analysis of the forest-decline phenomenon of needle bleaching. Oecologia 73: 351-357.
Prentice IC, Farquhar GD, Fashham MJR, Goulden ML, Heimann M, Jaramillo VJ, Kheshgi HS, LeQéré C, Scholes RJ, Wallace DWR et al (2001) The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge pp 183-238.
Rebmann C (2003) Kohlendioxid-, Wasserdampf- und Energieaustausch eines Fichtenwaldes in Mittelgebirgslage in Nordostbayern. Dissertation Bayreuth, 140 pp.
Roscher C, Schumacher J, Baade J, Wilcke W, Gleixner G, Weisser W, Schmid B, Schulze ED (2004) The role of biodiversity for element cycling and trophic interactions: an experimental approach in a grassland community. Basic and applied ecology 5: 107-121.
Schimel DS, House JI, Hibbard KA et al (2001) Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414: 169-172.
Schulze E-D (1970) Der CO2-Gaswechsel der Buche (Fagus silvatica L.) in Abhängigkeit von den Klimafaktoren im Freiland. Flora 159: 177 - 232.
Schulze E-D (1986) Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in response to drought in the atmosphere and in the soil. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37: 247 - 274.
Schulze E-D (2000) Der Einfluß des Menschen auf die biogeochemischen Kreisläufe der Erde. Max Planck Forschung JV/2000: 77-89.
Schulze E-D (ed.) Flux Control in Biological Systems. Academic Press, 594 pp, 1994.Schulze E-D, Beck E, Müller Hohenstein K (2002) Pflanzenökologie, Spektrum Verlag,
Heidelberg, 846 pp.Schulze E-D, Hall AE (1982) Stomatal responses, water loss and CO2 assimilation
rates of plants in contrasting environments. In: OL Lange, PS Nobel, CB Osmond, H Ziegler (eds.) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Physiological Plant Ecology II. Vol. 12B. Water relations and photosynthetic productivity, Berlin, Heidelberg pp. 181 - 230.
Schulze E-D, Kelliher FM, Körner Ch, Lloyd J, Leuning R (1994) Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition: A global ecology scaling exercise. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 25: 629-660.
Schulze E-D, Lloyd J, Kelliher FM, Wirth C, Rebmann C, Lühker B, Mund M, Knohl A, Milykova I, Schulze W, Ziegler W, Varlagin A, Valentini R, Sogachov A, Valentini R, Dore S, Grigoriev S, Kolle O, Tchebakova N, Vygodskaya NN (1999) Productivity of forests in the Eurosiberian boreal region and their potential to act as a carbon sink – A synthesis. Global Change Biology 6: 703-722.
Schulze E-D, Wirth C, Heimann M (2000) Managing forests after Kyoto. Science 289: 2058-2059.
Schulze WX, Gleixner G, Kaiser K, Guggenberger G, Mann M, Schulze ED (2004) A proteomic fingerprint of biodiversity. Oecologia (in press).
Valentini R, Matteucchi G, Dolman H, Schulze E-D, Rebmann C, Moors EJ, Granier A, Gross P, Jensen NO, Pilgaard K, Lindroth A, Grelle A, Bernhofer C, Grünwald T, Aubinet M, Ceulemans R, Kowalski AS, Vesala T, Rannik Ü, Berbigier P, Lousteau D, Gudmundsson J, Thorgairsson H, Ibrom A, Morgenstern K, Clement R, Moncrieff J, Montagnani L, Minerbi S, Jarvis PG (2000) Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature 404: 861-865.
Vygodskaya NN, Milukova I, Varlagin A, Tatarinov F, Sorgachev A, Kobak KI, Desyatkin R, Bauer G, Hollinger DY, Kelliher FM, Schulze E-D (1996) Leaf conductance and CO2 assimilation of Larix gmelinii growing in an eastern Siberian boreal forest. Tree Physiology 17: 607-615.
WBGU (2004) World in transition: Towards sustainable energy systems. German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU). Earthscan, London, 242 pp.
Wirth, C, Schulze E-D, Schwalbe G, Tomczyk S, Weber G, Weller G (2003) Dynamik der Kohlenstoffvorräte in den Wäldern Thüringens. BMBF Bericht zu „Modelluntersuchungen zur Umsetzung des Kyoto Protokolls“ Förderkennzeichen 01LK9901, 302 pp.
References
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
The Human Impact
Schulze, MPG-Yearbook (2000): 77-89
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
CO2Concentration Trends
PTB – Point Barrow, Alaska
MLO – Mauna Loa, Hawai
FAN/CHR –Christmas Islands
NZD – New Zealand
Dave Keeling
Roger Francey
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Variability of Atmospheric CO2 Concen-trations
Prentice, IPCC (2001): 204
Heimann, pers. communication
Colin Prentice
Martin Heimann
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Causes for Natural Variability
→ Natural sinks
→ Natural sources
→ Disturbances
→ Fossil fuel emissions
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Natural Sinks(Photosynthesis)
How was the past?
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Pioneer Time:
Hal Mooney
William D. Billings
Otto Lange
Ralph Slatyer
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
We were busy constructing cuvettes:
Alpine (Pinus aristata)
Solling (Fagus sylvatica)
Avdat (Prunus armeniaca)
Soil cuvette
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
CO2 assimilation operates at about 50 % of Amax
Schulze, Flora 159 (1970): 177-232
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
CO2 assimilation operates at about 50 % of Amax
Schulze and Hall, Encycl. Plant Physiol. 12B (1982): 181-224
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
CO2 assimilation operates at about 50 % of Amax
Vygodskaya et al., Tree Physiol. 17 (1996): 607-615
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
We were totally surprised when we discovered, using photosynthetic mutants, that RuBisCo, the main enzyme of CO2 assimilation, can be reduced by about 50% before affecting photosynthesis.
Schulze: Flux Control in Biological Systems (1994): 66
RuBisCo
Nitrogen storage
Photosynthesis
Protection against variable light
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
What were the highlights of this pioneer time?
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Humidity effect: to twinkle with stomata
Lange et al., Planta 100 (1971): 76-86
Humid air
Dry air
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Water stress: soil not leaf water status is important
after Schulze, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37 (1986): 247-274
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Predicting Amax and gmaxremained the big challenge
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Amax / N
Field and Mooney, In: Givnish (1986): 25-56
Chris Field
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Gmax/LAI
Kelliher et al., Oecologia 95 (1993): 153-163
Francis M. Kelliher
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
gmax / N
Schulze et al., Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25 (1994): 629-660
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Gmax/gmax
Schulze et al., Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25 (1994): 629-660
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Amax/Gmax
Schulze et al., Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25 (1994): 629-660
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Geographic distribution of Amax
Schulze et al., Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25 (1994): 629-660
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
What did we learn?
→ Natural environments are always stressfull.
→ There is a lot of compensation or balance -if light limitation is released, humidity anddrought catch.
→ A first assessment of community carbon balances emerged, which are still the basis for many of our present models.
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
What did we learn?→ Natural environments are always stressfull.
→ There is a lot of compensation or balance -if light limitation is released, humidity and drought catch.
→ A first assessment of community carbon balances emerged, which are still the basis for many of our present models.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
4.4
6.6 (80 %)
0.2
0.0
1.5
1.7 (20 %)
8.3 (100 %)
20
2.0
1.5
0.7
4.2 (28 %)
1.7
1.2
2.9 (20 %)
0.4
1.0
6.4
7.8 (52 %)
14.9 (100 %)
5
1.3
1.4
0.4
3.0 (35 %)
1.4
1.8
3.2 (37 %)
0.7
0.4
1.3
2.4 (28 %)
8.6 (100 %)
10
Stem
Branches
Coarse roots
Growth
Fine roots
Leaves
Litter
Stem and roots
Buds
Leaves
Respiration
GPP (t C ha-1 a-1)
Amax (mg CO2 g-1 h-1)
Barley (1975)Spruce (1971)Beech (1968)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Two things happened at the end of the period of „gatherers and hunters“:
→ Photosynthesis research collapsed in the mid 1980‘s:
All leaf types had been enclosed at least once into a porometer.
→ Forest decline made ecophysiologists aware that there is more than photosynthesis.
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
European forests showed widespread symptoms of yellowing
Picea abies in the Fichtelgebirge,
Germany
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
European forests showed widespread symptoms of yellowing
Lange et al., Ecol. Studies 77 (1989): 238-276
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Atmospheric transport became important
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Canopy uptake of Nitrogen
Harrison et al., Ecol. Studies 142 (2000): 171-188
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Soils became utterly important
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Interaction of Mg deficiency and N surplus
Lange et al., Oecologia 73 (1987): 351-357
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
The main effects of acid rain research was
→ the birth of ecosystem science in Europe.
→ the awareness of cross boundary transport and effects of pollutants.
Roof experiment in Sweden
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
The main effects of acid rain research was
→ the birth of ecosystem science in Europe.
→ the awareness of cross boundary transport and effects of pollutants.
→ the awareness that these processes are important at global scale
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
IGBP was the basis for initiation of global networks
→ CO2 network
→ Fluxnetwork
→ Continental transects
These networks remain the basis of our research today (CarboEurope).
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Natural Sources
(Respiration and Disturbance)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Respiration, not photosyn-thesis drives the global Carbon Budget
Valentini et al., Nature 404 (2000): 861-865
Ricardo Valentini
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Ecosystem sites in the CarboEurope IP
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Flux partinioning became important→ Girdling experiment at the Wetzstein,
Germany
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Respiration sums of different compartments
Rebmann (2003)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Flux Components During the Course of theGirdling – 13C Litter Experiment at the Wetzstein
Buchmann (2003), Forcast project
Nina Buchmann
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Investigating Roots
Shoot-root ratio of spruce in a petri dish Trying to find the root tips in boreal Pinus
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
However, some pushed the frontiers utilizing the newest technology established by the Chinese over a thousand years ago…
courtesy: H. Mooney
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
However, some pushed the frontiers utilizing the newest technology established by the Chinese over a thousand years ago…
courtesy: H. Mooney
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
However, some pushed the frontiers utilizing the newest technology established by the Chinese over a thousand years ago…
courtesy: H. Mooney
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale
after Canadell et al., Oecologia 108 (1996): 583-595
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Disturbances override Photosyntesis and Respiration → Windbreak
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Hot spots distribution April – November 2003
Disturbances override Photosyntesis and Respiration → Fire
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Disturbances override Photosyntesis and Respiration → Logging
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Not NPP, not NEP, but NBP drives the Global Carbon Budget
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Not NPP, not NEP, but NBP drives the Global Carbon Budget
Schulze et al., Science 289 (2000): 2058-2059
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Carbon accumulation follows the principle „Slow in, Fast out“
Ec
osy
ste
m C
arb
on
Po
ol
time
disturbance
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Disturbance intensity and export
Harden et al., Global Change Biology 6 (2000): 174-184
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Disturbance intensity and export
Wirth et al., Mitteilungen der TLWJF 23 (2004)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Carbon definitions of disturbance
Schulze et al., Global Change Biology 5 (1999): 703-722
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Global Carbon Budget 1990 to 2000
Schimel et al., Nature 414 (2001): 169-172
170.5Tropics
431.3Siberia
130.4Europe
270.8USA
3.0Assilmilation by vegetation
1.6 ± 0.8Emissions due to land-use change
1.4 ± 0.7Net uptake of the continents
1.7 ± 0.5Net uptake of the oceans
3.2 ± 0.1Atmospheric CO2 increase
4.80.3Germany
130.8Russia
171.1EU-15
251.6USA
6.3 ± 0.4Fossil fuel emissions
(%)(Gt C a-1)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Siberia re-assimilates 90 % of European fossil fuel emissions
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Siberian carbon sink
Ciais et al., Southhampton Proceedings (2003)
β: CO2 fertilizationfactor
Philippe Ciais
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Can we single out the effects of climate change, N deposition and human management?
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Estimation of different effects for Thuringia
Wirth et al., Mitteilungen der TLWJF 23 (2004): 8
Christian Wirth
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Can we enhance the natural sink?
→ Fast growing plantations
→ Long rotation
→ Hardwood vs. softwood
→ Selective cutting, shelter
→ Protection
no
buying for time
limited
limited
long-term
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Biodiversity
Schulze, MPG-Yearbook (2000): 77-89
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
The „Jena Biodiversity Experiment“ in the Saaleaue
ph
oto
: J. B
aa
de
Roscher et al., Basic and Applied Ecology 5 (2004): 107-121
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Biodiversity
Hector et al., Science 286 (1999): 1123-1127
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Identification of organism groups by enzymes in water samples
W. Schulze, Oecologia, submitted
Lake Hohlohsurface water
Hainich
soil water 5cm 10cm 20cm
74 4528
148
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Relation between mean income and energy consumption in 1997
WBGU: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems (2004)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Availability of electricity
WBGU: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems (2004)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
WBGU climate window and temperature development
2000-2100 period for two scenarios
WBGU: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems (2004)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Energy use in the MIND modela) BAU (business as usual)
b) UmBAU (‘transformation’)
WBGU: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems (2004)
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Contributions of energy carriers to energy demand
WBGU: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems (2004)
Energy efficiency enhancement
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Temperature Change Relative to Pre-industrial Mean
Nakicenovic and Riahi, 2001
Resulting Sea-level Rise Relative to 2000 Assuming a Climate Sensitivity of 2.5°C
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Summary
→ There is hope to solve the problem of energy demand technically.
→ The contribution of sinks is relatively small.
→ There remains the danger that by land-use and land-use change the biological pools in biomass and soils become activated.
→ Protection of C pools becomes more important than enhancement of sinks.
Biological Control of the Terrestrial Carbon SinkErnst-Detlef Schulze
Variability of Atmospheric CO2 Concen-trations
Heimann, pers. communication