Biological Control for Pest Disease Management
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Transcript of Biological Control for Pest Disease Management
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FOR PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT:
Understanding the options and their effectiveness
Rodale Institute
Introduction
Cornell University Department of Plant Pathology• Botrytis cineria inoculation techniques in onion• 1st detection of Pantoea ananatis and completion of Koch’s
Postulates in onion• Drs. Jim Lorbeer and Steve Beer
Introduction
Cornell University Department of Plant Pathology• Vermicompost-mediated disease suppression of Pythium
aphanidermatum• Dr. Eric Nelson
Introduction
Campos Laguna Blanca and Malambo, Argentina• Compost, vermicompost and compost extract production,
management, application and evaluation
Windrow compost
Application and evaluationLiquid vermicompostextracts
Vermicompost
Teas/extracts
Introduction
Rodale Institute, Kutztown, PA• Compost Production Specialist• Organic Allentown - Vertical gardening and marketing for urban
agriculture• Master Composters of Rodale Institute• Novel seed treatment techniques for plant disease management
Outline
• Introduction
• Presentation goals and disclaimer
• Defining plant pests and diseases
• Disease triangle
• The infected plant – an overview of pests and diseases
• Biological control products and their effectiveness
• Conclusions and disclaimers revisited
Presentation goals and disclaimer
Goals• Terminology• Overview of plant pathology• Products and active ingredients• Some application do’s and don’ts• What tools to add to the disease management toolbox
Disclaimer• Not supporting one product, manufacturer, approach,
technique, over another. • Only intend to deliver valid information so that you
may make educated decisions regarding your pest and disease management strategy.
Defining plant pests and diseases
What is a plant disease?
Agrios, 1988. Plant Pathology.“Any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from continuous irritation by a pathogenic agent or environmental factors and leads to development of symptoms.”
Carr et al., 2012.“A human interpretation of a plant physiological disorder.”
Defining plant pests and diseases
What is a plant disease?
Examples:
Powdery mildew of cucurbits (Podosphaera xanthii)
Defining plant pests and diseases
What is a plant disease?
Examples:
Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)
Defining plant pests and diseases
What is a plant disease? Plant pest?
Examples:
Symptoms due to aphids
https://extension.umass.edu
Defining plant pests and diseases
What is a plant disease?
Examples:
Yellowing due to nutrient deficiencyHeat stressAir pollutionSoil compaction
Understanding the causal agent (biotic/abiotic) is the first step towards disease management.
Disease triangle
Pathogen, host and environment
One of the three can be altered to prevent disease.• Pathogen – alter behavior• Host – resistant varieties• Environment – modify temperature or moisture
Agrios, 1988
The infected cell – overview of pests and diseases
Agrios, 1988
The infected cell – overview of pests and diseases
Agrios 2005
The infected cell – overview of pests and diseases
Generalist vs. specialist (Pythium vs. Phytophthora)
The infected cell – overview of pests and diseases
Multiple developmental stages with some requiring specific environmental conditions.
• Pythium zoospore production requires flooded conditions• Phytophthora zoospore production requires high humidity and 53-
59°F
Agrios, 1988
Indirect germination in sterile water
Duration = 45 min, 2 min intervals
Duration = 20 min, 10 sec intervals
Direct germination in vermicompost extract
The infected cell – overview of pests and diseases
Understanding the pathogen/pest and its biology will help develop effective disease management strategies.
Biological control products and their effectiveness
Presentation of information:• Product/material name• Active ingredient• Uses (pests, diseases, foliar, soil-borne)• Mechanism(s) of suppression• Evaluation (research and anecdotal)
Product:
Active ingredient:
Uses:
Mechanism(s) of suppression:
Evaluation:
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Meta-analysis to determine the overall effectiveness of biocontrol in relation to biological and application-oriented factors; 149 entries from 53 reports.
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
EFFECTIVEBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Aerial vs. soil-borne disease
Greenhouse vs. field
Disease pressure
Number of applications
Pathogen type
Annual vs. perennial
Biocontrol agent
Fungal vs. bacterial
Environmentalconditions
Temperature
Moisture
• Disease pressure• No significant difference in efficacy
• Aerial vs. soil-borne diseases• No significant difference in efficacy• For aerial diseases, 1 or 2 sprays more effective
than those that received 8 or more sprays• Annual vs. perennial crops
• Disease suppression greater with annual crops• Greenhouse vs. field
• No significant difference in efficacy
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
• Fungal vs. bacterial biocontrol agents• No significant difference in efficacy• r-selected biocontrol agents (i.e. those having
short generation times and producing large numbers of short-lived offspring) more effective
• Bacillus spp. less effective than other antagonists
• Fungal vs. bacterial pathogens• No significant difference in efficacy
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
OVERALL• Variability in success – inherent in biological control• Several other reports would challenge these results• Difficult to synthesize data due to differences in
methodologies, environmental conditions and plant-pathogen interactions
Understanding the options and their effectiveness is key to pest and disease management.
Information pulled from published reports and practitioner interviews.
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: RootShield®, Trichodex, Binab-T Biological Fungicides (and several others)
Active ingredient: Trichoderma spp. including T. harzianum, T22
Uses: Soil amendment, seed treatment, dust or spray; protects roots from several pathogens including Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Thielaviopsis and Cylindrocladium
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: RootShield®, Trichodex, Binab-T Biological Fungicides (and several others)
Active ingredient: Trichoderma spp.
Mechanism(s) of suppression: • Mycoparasitism via production of chitinases
and β 1-3 and β 1-4 glucanases• Antibiotics• Competition • Induced resistance • Solubilization of inorganic plant nutrients• Inactivation of pathogen enzyme production
Paulitz & Bélanger 2001Schuster & Schmoll 2010
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu
Product: Trichoderma harzianum, T22
Evaluation: • Works very well but costly*• Used in all greenhouse potting media*• Six-month shelf life*
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal Martínez-Mendina et al. 2013
Inoculated with Botrytis cinerea
Product: Trichoderma harzianum, T22
Evaluation: • Effective control for a variety of plant disease
(Verma et al. 2007)• Extended dry conditions will affect success
(Esposito & da Silva 1998)• Control is similar to synthetic fungicides
(Paulitz & Bélanger 2001)• Most Trichoderma spp. based biocontrol
agents are unregistered and marketed as “soil enhancers” (Verma et al. 2007)
• Increased commercialization is hindered by defining the mode of action and underdeveloped bioassay methods (Verma et al. 2007)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Insecticides
Active ingredient: Bt toxins (Cry ad Cyt toxins)
Uses: dusted or sprayed; control lepidoptera insects (cabbage worm, caterpiller, cabbage looper, etc.)
Numerous commercial formulations and products exist
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Insecticides
Mechanism(s) of suppression: pore forming toxins that kill larval epithelium midgut cells causing an osmotic shock leading to cell lysis
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
mbio.asm.org
Product: Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Insecticides
Evaluation: • Sprayed 1-2 weeks before harvest as a
preventative*• Spray just the heads or parts to be harvested*• Works and is cheap*• Sometimes sprayed in the greenhouse in the
fall*
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Insecticides
Evaluation: • Many Bt strains show activity towards several
insect groups (Schnepf et al. 1998; Sanahuja et al. 2011)
• Insect resistance (Bravo et al. 2013) and non-target species (Cory & Franklin 2012) are a concern
• Other insect pathogens exist (Beauveria andMetarhizium spp., baculovirus and entomopathogenic nematodes) (Cory & Franklin 2012)
• Bt sprays persist for only a few days on the leaf surface because several factors contribute to the degradation of Cry protiens, therefore re-application necessary for full effect (Sanahuja et al. 2011)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR), Serenade Optimum
Active ingredient: Bacillus spp., Curtobacteriumflaccumfaciens, Burkholderia cepacia, Enterobacter cloacae, Erwinia herbicola, Psuedomonas spp. and others
Uses: dusted or sprayed; broad spectrum fungicide and bactericide; late season diseases from Botrytis, Sclerotinia, Xanthomonas, Erwinia; grape, strawberries, leafy vegetables, potatoes, pome fruit, tree nuts and others
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
aps.net
Product: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
Mechanism(s) of suppression: secretion of bioactive molecules such as antibiotics and cell-wall degrading enzymes (De Curtis et al. 2010); nutrient competition (Nelson 2004)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Scialert.net gopixpic.com
Product: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
Evaluation: • Not all products registered as biocontrol
agents – marked as plant growth promoters, strengtheners, or soil conditioners (Paulitz & Bélanger 2001)
• Bacillus subtilis exhibited variable suppression of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii on tomato (De Curtis et al. 2010)
• Strain mixtures more effective than single strains (Raupach & Klopper 1988)
• Enterobacter spp., Psuedomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. digested seed exudates to make the host plant undetectable to Pythium -carbon competition suggested to be the leading mechanisms of suppression (Nelson 2004; Chen et al. 2012)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Biocontrol yeasts (Botector®)
Active ingredient: Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus laurentii, Aureobasidium pullulans
Uses: Field and post-harvest diseases from pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, and Penicilliumexpansum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger; grape, apple, cherry tomato, cherry and others
Mechanism(s) of suppression: antibiosis due to pullulans, extracellular enzymes, siderophores and single-cell proteins (Chi et al. 2009); competition for nutrients (Chi et al. 2009)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
plantmanagementnetwork.org endure-network.eu postharvest.ucdavis.edu
Product: Biocontrol yeasts
Evaluation: • Consistent high reductions in fungal decay
(Lima et al. 2003; Chi et al. 2009)• Cause less phytotoxicity compared to copper
hydroxide and lime sulphur but were not as effective at reducing blossom blight in cherry production (Holb & Kunz 2013)
• Yeast cell concentration significantly correlated to efficacy (Mari et al. 2012)
• New trials will be conducted at three separate apple orchard locations to control Bitter Rot of apple (Glomerella cingulata) (Rodale Institute, 2015)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Bordeaux mixture and other copper and sulfur-based treatments
Active ingredient: Copper and sulfur
Uses: General biocide for fungal and bacterial pathogens
Mechanism(s) of suppression: copper compounds react with fungal spore exudates to create highly toxic copper complexes; high pH in lime sulfur disrupts fungal spore membrane activity (Montaget al. 2005 & 2006)
Evaluation:• Works but not preferred due to non-target
effects*• Phytotoxic effects at large doses*
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Bordeaux mixture and other copper and sulfur-based treatments
Evaluation:• Long history of success and effectiveness
(Agrios 1988; Hamilton & Keitt 1928)• Effective during the infection process (Jamar
et al. 2008)• Effects on non-target and beneficials are a
concern (Bengochea et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2009)
• Can accumulate is plant parts (Iwane 2009; Kurnik et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2011)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Bordeaux mixture and other copper and sulfur-based treatments
Evaluation:• Can be phytotoxic (Yoder et al. 2009; Holb et
al. 2003)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
rhizotest.cirad.fr msue.anr.msu.edu
Product: Surround® WP
Active ingredient: Kaolin clay
Uses: Crop protectant for controlling damage from various insect and disease pests
Mechanism(s) of suppression: forms a barrier film, which acts as a broad spectrum crop protectant
Evaluation:
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
www.planetnatural.com www.goodfruit.com
Product: Surround® WP
Active ingredient: Kaolin clay
Uses: Crop protectant for controlling damage from various insect and disease pests
Mechanism(s) of suppression: forms a barrier film, which acts as a broad spectrum crop protectant
Evaluation:• Sprayed on cucurbits for cucumber beetles*• Acts as a “spray-on row cover”*• Confident that it improves apple production*
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Surround® WP
Evaluation:• Whitish appearance on fruit can significantly
reduce consumer acceptance and fruit value (Peck et al. 2010; Wismer 2009)
• Must be used in large quantities to be efficacious (Reissig et al. 2002)
• Although it is an inert compound, it can potentially cause respiratory, dermal and eye irritations (Peck et al. 2010)
• Effects on non-target and natural enemies are a concern (Bengochae et al. 2010 & 2013; Scalercio et al. 2010)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
www.goodfruit.com
Product: JMS Stylet-Oil®
Active ingredient: Paraffinic oil
Uses: for controlling fungal diseases, aphid-transmitted plant viruses, insects and mites
Mechanism(s) of suppression: cell wall disruption
Evaluation: • Sprayed on cucurbits for downy and powdery
mildews*• Often sprayed as a preventative*• Cheap and works*
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: JMS Stylet-Oil®
Evaluation: • Applying every 4 days was more effective
than a single application (McGrath & Shishkoff 2000)
• Less effective at suppressing foliar diseases when applied after detection (McGrath 2009)
• Effective at controlling virus vectors such as aphids (McDonald et al. 2004)
• Effectiveness directly related to spray coverage (JMS Stylet-Oil website)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
ontargetspray.com
Product: Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica)
Active ingredient: azadirachtin
Uses: broad spectrum insecticide/miticide; fungal preventative
Mechanism(s) of suppression: when ingested, prevents molting and suppresses feeding; suffocates insects and mites on contact
Evaluation:• Used for harlequin cabbage bug*• Used outside on brassicas*
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
article.wn.com indiamart.com
Product: Neem Oil
Evaluation:• Effects non-target species such as bees
(product lable); used as a last resort*• Synergy was not expressed when mixing
neem oil with Bt and/or Beauveria bassiana(Togbe et al. 2014)
• Success not always realized (Ahmady & Kumar 2014); Bt more effective (Padhi et al. 2013)
• “Most environmentally friendly pesticide, highly biodigradable and leaves no residues on food stuff.” (Mathur 2013)
• Variable results
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: PyGanic®
Active ingredient: Pyrethrin
Uses: Broad spectrum insecticide
Mechanism(s) of suppression: Sodium channel modulator – disrupts insects’ nervous system
Evaluation:• Kills all it hits*• Used only inside*• Used only when necessary*
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotalnjaes.rutgers.eduextension.umn.edu
Product: PyGanic®
Evaluation:• Effects on non-target and beneficials is a
concern (Tunca et al. 2012)• Variable results in controlling different aphid
species (Andreev et al. 2012)• Variable results in controlling different stink
bug species (Lee et al. 2014)• In most reports, control was >75% successful
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Thermogenic compost, vermicompost and liquid compost/vermicompost teas and extracts
Active ingredient: Microorganisms and microbial byproducts
Uses: Soil amendment for plant production and protection against a wide range of pests and pathogens
Mechanism(s) of suppression: antibiosis, nutrient competition, predation, altering pathogen development, systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Thermogenic compost, vermicompost and liquid compost/vermicompost teas and extracts
Evaluation:• Several benefits (Jack & Thies 2005; Hadar &
Papadopoulou 2012)• Suppresses a wide range of pathogens (Noble
2011)• More effective as a soil amendment than a
spray (Litterick et al. 2004; Scheuerell & Mahaffee 2002)
• Variable and unpredictable (Scheuerell & Mahaffee 2006; Noble & Coventry 2005)
• Organic matter and high biological diversity appear to be the key components in regards to biological control (Bonanomi et al. 2010; Hoitink & Fahy 1986)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Mulches, cover crops and crop rotation
Active ingredient: Planning and prevention
Uses: general crop protection and disease prevention
Mechanism(s) of suppression: Prevention, avoidance and improving soil health
Evaluation:• Crop rotation to disrupt disease and pest
cycles and avoid disease pressure (Agrios1988)
• Mulches to feed soil microbes and disrupt disease and pest cycles
• Cover crops increase organic matter and feed microbes
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Mulches, cover crops and crop rotation
Active ingredient: Planning and prevention
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria, Trichoderma
Active ingredient: Bacillus spp., Psuedomonas spp. and others; compost extracts
Uses: Seed treatment to prevent fungal and bacterial, soil-borne plant pathogens; pathogen disinfection
Mechanism(s) of suppression: Nutrient competition, antibiosis, systemic acquired resistance, and others
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotalwwf.panda.orgag.arizona.edu
Product: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
Evaluation:• Little anecdotal information• Multiple strain treatments were most
effective on cucumber in the field for plant growth promotion and disease reduction (Raupach & Kloepper 1988)
• Tomato seeds soaked in liquid cultures of Bacillus spp. completely inhibited Clavibactermichiganensis incidence (Kasselaki et al. 2011)
• Tomatos seeds soaked overnight in 3-day old compost extracts completely inhibited Clavibacter michiganensis incidence; the compost used to prepare the extract did not affect suppression (Kasselaki et al. 2011)
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Notes on what was not mentioned….
• There are literally hundreds of biocontrol options• Plant extracts and oils, bacteria from milk, viruses,
non-pathogenic fungi, numerous single-strain biocontrol agents…
• Difficult to synthesize lab and field results due to differences in methodologies
• Often unpredictable and variable
When considering a product or material…• Typically the most effective treatments are those
with the rigorous of testing• New commercial products vs. old products• Manufacturer credibility
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Product: Freeze-dried compost extracts
Active ingredient: microorganisms and microbial byproducts
Uses: Preventing and suppressing soil-borne seed and seedling pathogens
Mechanism(s) of suppression: nutrient competition, antibiosis, predation
Evaluation:• Applying microbes closer to the site of
infection• Establishing a proof of concept
Commercial products• Single-strain biocontrol agents• Non-biologicals
Non-commercial products• Multi-strain biocontrol agents
–Compost–Vermicompost–Teas and extracts
• Prevention practices–Mulches–Cover crops–Crop rotation
Seed treatments• Single-strain agents
–Psuedomonas–Bacillus–Trichoderma
• Novel treatments
*Anecdotal
Coating seeds with a diversity of microorganisms
Working hypothesis:• Solid compost can suppress Pythium aphanidermatum,
mediated by microorganisms and microbial byproducts• Non-aerated compost extracts exhibit similar levels of
disease suppression – microbially-mediated• Freeze-drying the liquid extracts and then reconstitute
them – disease suppression occurs
Can we freeze-dry extracts into a powder to be coated onto seeds for suppressing soil-borne plant pathogens?
Coating seeds with a diversity of microorganisms
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Coating seeds with a diversity of microorganisms
Next steps:• Coat cucumber seeds with a binder using standard
seed coating technologies• Apply/stick the freeze-dried extract to the coated seeds• Assess microbial viability• Conduct disease bioassays
Coating seeds with a diversity of microorganisms
Project supported in part by:
Drs. Eric Nelson and Alan Taylor, Department of Plant Pathology
Conclusions and disclaimer revisited
Disclaimer• Not supporting one product, manufacturer, approach,
technique, over another. • Only here to deliver valid information so that you may
make educated decisions regarding your pest and disease management strategy.
Conclusions• There are a number of tools for managing plant
diseases• Follow the manufactures recommendations• Anticipate and predict outbreaks• Accurate identification will save time and money