Biological Bases of Behavior2
-
Upload
jean-karlos-alma-jose -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Biological Bases of Behavior2
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
1/39
GENERALPSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER II:
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
2/39
The Nervous System is the bodys
electrochemical communicationcircuitry.
The field that studies the nervoussystem is called neuroscience , andthe people who study it are calledneuroscientist .
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
3/39
The Nervous System is primarilycomposed of the Central NervousSystem and the Peripheral NervousSystem .
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
4/39
1 . Complexity2. Integration3. Adaptability4. Electrochemical Transmission
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
5/39
The brain and nervous system being complex allows
the individual to do activities of different kinds.
This is due to the orchestrationof the billions of cells in the brainand the nervous system.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
6/39
Integration refers to the ability
of the brain to pull informationtogether.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
7/39
Although the composition of the brain and thenervous system have hereditary foundation, bothhave the ability to constantly adapt to the changesin the body and the environment.
The term plasticity denotes thebrains special capacity formodification and change.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
8/39
The brain being the information processing system , powered byelectrical impulses and chemicalmessages allows the individual to
perceive and respond to stimuli.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
9/39
1. Afferent Nerves (Sensory Nerves)-transportinformation to the brain.
Stimulus Sensory Receptors Afferent Nerves Brain
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
10/39
2 . Efferent Nerves (motor nerves)-carry the brainsoutput or response.
Brain Efferent Nerves Muscles (motor behaviour response)
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
11/39
3 . Neural Networks-cluster of neurons that areinterconnected to process information by integratingsensory input and motor output.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
12/39
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
13/39
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
14/39
Peripheral Nervous System the network of nervesthat connect the brain and the spinal cord to otherparts of the body. It is divided into the somaticnervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
15/39
Somatic Nervous System the division of the PNSconsisting of sensory nerves, whose function isto convey information to the CNS, and motornerves, whose function is to transmit
information to the muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System the division of thePNS that communicates with the bodys internal
organs. It consist of the sympathetic and theparasympathetic nervous systems.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
16/39
Sympathetic Nervous System the division ofthe autonomic nervous system that arouses
the body.
Pa r a symp a thetic Nervous System thedivision of the autonomic nervous systemthat calms the body.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
17/39
Soma or the cell body containsthe cells nucleus and is responsiblefor the cells health and well-being.
Dendrites receive messages fromother neurons.
Axon transmits information on toadditional neurons.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
18/39
TheM
yelin sheath is the layer offat cells that encases and insulatesmost axons which help speed upthe transmission of nerve impulse.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
19/39
The synapse is the branching end ofa neurons axon reach out to, butdo not touch, the dendrites.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
20/39
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
21/39
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
22/39
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
23/39
6 . Endo rp i ns are natural opiates that mainly stimulates the firing of neurons. It shields the body from pain and elevates feelings of pleasure.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
24/39
The G lial cells (neuroglia ) providechemicals that a neuron need tofunction properly.
they also serve as the clean up crew
by removing dead neurons and excessneurotransmitter substances.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
25/39
Sensory NeuronInterneuronsMotor Neurons
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
26/39
Resting Potential -the stable negative charge ofan inactive neuron.
Action Potential -the brief wave of electricalcharge that sweeps down the axon during thetransmission of a nerve impulse.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
27/39
All-or-none Principle -once the electricalimpulse reaches a certain level of intensity, itfires and over all the way down to the axonwithout losing any of its intensity.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
28/39
The human brain has three
major components:
1 . the hindbrain;2. the midbrain; and3. the forebrain.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
29/39
The hindbrain is made up of
several smaller structuressuch as the medulla, thepons, and the cerebellum.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
30/39
The midbrain is composedof two parts:
1 . the reticular formation(a.k.a. reticular activating system or
RAS); and2. 2. the brainstem.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
31/39
The forebrain mainlyconsists the following:
1 . Cerebral cortex2. Limbic system3. Thalamus4. Hypothalamus
5. Hippocampus6. Amygdala
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
32/39
1. Frontal lobe is largely responsible fora wide variety of human activities such
as:
languageattention
reasoningplanninggoal settingself monitoringdecision makingjudgmentlearning strategiesinterpreting others behaviour
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
33/39
2. Parietal lobes receive andinterpret somatosensoryinformation.
3. Occipital lobes
4. Temporal lobes
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
34/39
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
35/39
The Endocrine System is a set of glands that regulate theactivities of certain organs by secreting hormones to the
bloodstream.
These hormones are chemical messengers that aremanufactured by the glands in the system. The endocrine
glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, andadrenal glands, the pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
36/39
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
37/39
1. Pituitary Gland -is located at the base of theskull, regulates the secretion of growth hormone andcontrols all other endocrine glands. It is known asthe master gland.The anterior pituitary is controlled by thehypothalamus.
2 . Pineal Gland -also located in the brain, it secretesthe hormone melatonin, which regulates the sleepand wake cycle.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
38/39
3 . Thyroid Gland -locate inside the neck andsecretes a hormone called thyroxin that regulatesmetabolism (how fast the body burns its available
energy).
4 . Pancreas -controls the blood sugar level bysecreting the insulin and glucagons.
-
8/6/2019 Biological Bases of Behavior2
39/39
5 . Adrenal Glands -one on top of each kidney,produces the main hormone cortisol (steroid).The adrenal glands regulate moods, energy, and theability to cope with stress.
They secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) andnorepinephrine (noradrenaline) in response to stress.
6 . Gonads -produces sex hormones responsible forprimary and secondary sex characteristics.